Tangents and Normals!

Geometry Level 3

Let x ( t ) = a t 2 + b , y ( t ) = b t 3 + a x(t) = at^2 + b, \:\ y(t) = bt^3 +a .

There are two lines which are both tangent and normal to the above curve.

Find the angle λ \lambda (in degrees) made between the two lines above.

Express the result to five decimal places.


The answer is 109.47122.

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1 solution

Rocco Dalto
Jan 12, 2021

Let x ( t ) = a t 2 + b , y ( t ) = b t 3 + a d y d x ( t = t 1 ) = 3 b 2 a t 1 x(t) = at^2 + b,\:\ y(t) = bt^3 + a \implies \dfrac{dy}{dx}|(t = t_{1}) = \dfrac{3b}{2a}t_{1} \implies

the tangent line to the curve at ( x ( t 1 ) , y ( t 1 ) ) (x(t_{1}),y(t_{1})) is: y ( b t 1 3 + a ) = 3 b 2 a t 1 ( x ( a t 1 2 + b ) ) y - (bt_{1}^3 + a) = \dfrac{3b}{2a}t_{1}(x - (at_{1}^2+ b))

Let the line be normal to the curve at ( x ( t 2 ) , y ( t 2 ) ) (x(t_{2}),y(t_{2})) \implies

b ( t 2 t 1 ) ( t 2 2 + t 1 t 2 + t 1 2 ) = 3 b 2 t 1 ( t 2 t 1 ) ( t 2 + t 1 ) b(t_{2} - t_{1})(t_{2}^2 + t_{1}t_{2} + t_{1}^2) = \dfrac{3b}{2}t_{1}(t_{2} - t_{1})(t_{2} + t_{1})

( t 2 t 1 ) ( 2 t 2 2 t 1 t 2 t 1 2 ) = 0 \implies (t_{2} - t_{1})(2t_{2}^2 - t_{1}t_{2} - t_{1}^2) = 0 and t 1 t 2 t 2 = t 1 2 t_{1} \neq t_{2} \implies t_{2} = -\dfrac{t_{1}}{2}

Since the tangent is also normal to the curve at ( x ( t 2 ) , y ( t 2 ) ) 9 b 2 4 a 2 t 1 t 2 = 1 (x(t_{2}),y(t_{2})) \implies \dfrac{9b^2}{4a^2}t_{1}t_{2} = -1

9 b 2 8 a 2 t 1 2 = 1 t 1 = ± 2 2 a 3 b \implies \dfrac{9b^2}{8a^2}t_{1}^2 = 1 \implies t_{1} = \pm\dfrac{2\sqrt{2}a}{3b} \implies the two slopes are ± 2 \pm\sqrt{2} .

tan ( θ ) = 2 θ = arctan ( 2 ) 54.73561 λ = 2 θ 109.47122 \tan(\theta) = \sqrt{2} \implies \theta = \arctan(\sqrt{2}) \approx 54.73561 \implies \lambda = 2\theta \approx \boxed{109.47122} .

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