Suppose you are visiting a tea party with 2 knights who always tell the truth, 3 knaves who always lie, and 4 jokers who can do either. If they are all sitting in a line and say, " There's a knave on my left and a joker on my right.", how many arrangements of them are there?
P.S. This assumes that the knight is the same as the the other knight... (if any of the same characters swap places, it is the same arrangement).
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Knights always tell the truth, so the placement for them is fixed (must have a knave (noted as k) on their left and a Joker (noted as J) on their right). So between 2K, 3k & 4J, we have to set aside 6 of them to accommodate the Knights with two groups of kKJ (say we arranged them from behind).
(kKJ) + (kKJ) left behind a knave (1k) and 2 Jokers (2J). Since Jokers can both lie and tell the truth, we only need to care if the knaves can stick with their lies. Since all of them are saying the same thing and the statements have an AND connective, we just need one of the statements to be false for a knave to be able to say it.
The knaves in a group don't have a Joker on their right so it shouldn't matter if they have a fellow knave on their right. On the other hand, the only solitary knave can't have another knave on their left (all the others are already in groups and none left as a fellow soloist) so it doesn't matter if they (the solitary one, gender unknown) have a Joker on their right.
So, now we know that we have two indistinguishable groups, two indistinguishable Jokers and one solitary knave that can be arranged in anyway in a straight line since it won't compromise with the falsity of the knaves involved.
Answer
= n(number of arrangements of 5 parties) / n(number of indistinguishable factor)
= 5! / 2!2!
= 120 / (2 × 2)
= 30