What is the sum of the infinite series?
No calculators allowed. No Wolfram Alpha allowed. Good luck.
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Note first that ∑ n = 0 ∞ x n = 1 − x 1 for ∣ x ∣ < 1 .
Differentiating both sides, (the LHS term by term), we find that
∑ n = 0 ∞ n ∗ x n − 1 = ( 1 − x ) 2 1 .
Multiplying through by x gives us that
∑ n = 0 ∞ n ∗ x n = ( 1 − x ) 2 x .
Finally, to evaluate the given series we just plug x = 2 1 into this last equation, giving us a solution of
( 1 − ( 1 / 2 ) ) 2 ( 1 / 2 ) = 1 / 4 1 / 2 = 2 .