The Answer \ne 1!

Geometry Level 4

A boomerang-shaped, concave quadrilateral is divided into four triangles, by joining vertices and extending sides. Five of the resulting line segments are labeled to have length 1.

Find the length of the side labeled "?", to three decimal places.

Note: The diagram is not drawn up to scale.


The answer is 1.259.

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3 solutions

Zico Quintina
Jun 15, 2018

Let the points and angles be labelled as shown in the diagram below:

We first note that triangle A B D ABD is isosceles with vertex angle 12 0 120^{\circ} , so B D A = 3 0 \angle BDA = 30^{\circ} , which then makes E D F = 3 0 \angle EDF = 30^{\circ} and C D E = 9 0 \angle CDE = 90^{\circ} .

Since triangle C D E CDE is right, we know that sin θ = 1 x \sin \theta = \dfrac{1}{x} . Also, applying Sine Law to triangle D E F DEF , we get

sin 3 0 1 = sin α y 1 2 = sin θ y [ Because θ = 18 0 α ] 1 2 = 1 x y [ Using sin θ = 1 x ] y = 2 x \begin{aligned} \dfrac{\sin 30^{\circ}}{1} &= \dfrac{\sin \alpha}{y} \\ \\ \dfrac{1}{2} &= \dfrac{\sin \theta}{y} \qquad \small \text{[ Because } \theta = 180^{\circ} - \alpha \ ] \\ \\ \dfrac{1}{2} &= \dfrac{1}{x y} \qquad \small \text{[ Using } \sin \theta = \dfrac{1}{x} \ ] \\ \\ y &= \dfrac{2}{x} \end{aligned}

Now we use Cosine Law on triangle C D F CDF :

( x + 1 ) 2 = 1 2 + y 2 2 ( 1 ) ( y ) cos 12 0 x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 1 + 4 x 2 + 2 x [ Now multiply by x 2 ] x 4 + 2 x 3 + x 2 = x 2 + 2 x + 4 x 4 + 2 x 3 = 2 x + 4 x 3 ( x + 2 ) = 2 ( x + 2 ) [ Since x cannot be - 2 , we can divide by ( x + 2 ) ] x 3 = 2 x = 2 3 1.259 \begin{aligned} (x + 1)^2 &= 1^2 + y^2 - \ 2 \ (1) (y) \cos 120^{\circ} \\ \\ x^2 + 2x + 1 &= 1 + \dfrac{4}{x^2} + \dfrac{2}{x} \qquad \small \text{[ Now multiply by } x^2 \ ] \\ \\ x^4 + 2x^3 + x^2 &= x^2 + 2x + 4 \\ \\ x^4 + 2x^3 &= 2x + 4 \\ \\ x^3 (x + 2) &= 2 (x + 2) \qquad \small \text{[ Since } x \text{ cannot be -} 2 \text{, we can divide by } (x + 2) \ ] \\ \\ x^3 &= 2 \\ \\ x &= \sqrt[3]{2} \approx \boxed{1.259} \end{aligned}

Aidan Poor
Jun 15, 2018

In the picture above, all of the possible angle measurements that can be found via angle hunting are expressed, ϕ \angle\phi and θ \angle\theta are also expressed as shown above, the line segment, ? ? , is labelled as x x , and the line segment opposite of ϕ \angle\phi and θ \angle\theta is labelled as a a . Also, there are many ways to solve this problem, this is just the way I found the answer.

To begin solving for x x , we need to find an expression for it. By observation, you can find such an expression using the law of sines as such:

The law of sines states: a sin A = b sin B \frac{a}{\sin A}=\frac{b}{\sin B}

x sin π 2 = a sin ϕ \therefore \frac{x}{\sin \frac{\pi}{2}}=\frac{a}{\sin \phi} \Rightarrow x = a sin ϕ \boxed{x=\frac{a}{\sin \phi}}

Now, again using the law of sines and observation, we can express a a utilizing the \triangle with θ \angle\theta and 30 \angle30 as such:

1 sin π 6 = a sin θ \frac{1}{\sin \frac{\pi}{6}}=\frac{a}{\sin \theta} \Rightarrow 2 = a sin θ 2=\frac{a}{\sin \theta} \Rightarrow a = 2 sin θ \boxed{a=2\sin \theta}

Now that we have an expression for a a , we can substitute 2 sin θ 2\sin \theta for a a as such:

x = ( 2 sin θ ) sin ϕ x=\frac{(2\sin \theta)}{\sin \phi}

At this moment, it is necessary to find θ \theta in terms of ϕ \phi to find a value for x x .

The \triangle in the picture above is sufficient for this necessity because it contains both θ \angle\theta and ϕ \angle\phi . Using the property that all inner s \angle 's of a \triangle add up to 180 ° 180° , we can find θ \theta in terms of ϕ \phi as such:

180 ° = θ + 60 ° + 60 ° + ϕ 180°=\theta+60°+60°+\phi \Rightarrow 180 ° = θ + 120 ° + ϕ 180°=\theta+120°+\phi \Rightarrow 60 ° = θ + ϕ 60°=\theta+\phi \Rightarrow θ = 60 ° ϕ \boxed{\theta=60°-\phi}

Now that we have an expression for \theta in terms of /phi, we can substitute 60 ° ( o r π 3 ) ϕ 60°(or \frac{\pi}{3})-\phi for θ \theta as such:

x = 2 sin ( π 3 ϕ ) sin ϕ x=\frac{2\sin (\frac{\pi}{3}-\phi)}{\sin \phi}

At this point, the equation above has a trigonometric identity , sin ( a b ) \sin (a-b) . This identity states the following:

sin ( a b ) = sin ( a ) cos ( b ) sin ( b ) cos ( a ) \sin (a-b)=\sin (a)\cos (b)-\sin (b)\cos (a)

x = 2 ( sin ( π 3 ) c o s ( ϕ ) sin ( ϕ ) c o s ( π 3 ) sin ( ϕ ) \therefore x=\frac{2(\sin (\frac{\pi}{3})cos (\phi)-\sin (\phi)cos (\frac{\pi}{3})}{\sin (\phi)} \Rightarrow x = 2 ( 3 2 ) cos ( ϕ ) sin ( ϕ ) ( 1 2 ) sin ( ϕ ) x=\frac{2(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2})\cos (\phi)-\sin(\phi)(\frac{1}{2})}{\sin (\phi)} \Rightarrow x = 3 × cos ( ϕ ) sin ( ϕ ) sin ( ϕ ) x=\sqrt{3} \times {\frac{\cos (\phi)-\sin (\phi)}{\sin (\phi)}} \Rightarrow x = 3 × cos ( ϕ ) sin ( ϕ ) 1 x=\sqrt{3} \times {\frac {\cos (\phi)}{\sin (\phi)}-1} \Rightarrow x = 3 cot ( ϕ ) 1 \boxed{x=\sqrt{3}\cot (\phi)-1}

Now, because of the fact that we have cot ( ϕ ) \cot (\phi) , we need to find another expression that satisfies cot ( ϕ ) \cot (\phi) .

Luckily, in the right \triangle above, cot ( ϕ ) \cot (\phi) clearly can be expressed with side lengths as such:

cot ( n ) = a d j o p p \cot (n)=\frac{adj}{opp}

cot ( ϕ ) = 1 a \therefore \cot (\phi)=\frac{1}{a}

Even though we have this expression for cot ( ϕ ) \cot (\phi) , to solve for x x , we need the expression for cot ( ϕ ) \cot (\phi) to be in terms of x x . This can be accomplished by utilizing the Pythagorean Theorem as such:

a 2 = x 2 1 2 a^{2}=x^{2}-1^{2} \Rightarrow a = x 2 1 \boxed{a=\sqrt{x^{2}-1}}

Now that we have cot ( ϕ ) \cot (\phi) in terms of x x , we can substitute x 2 1 \sqrt{x^{2}-1} for a a as such:

cot ( ϕ ) = 1 x 2 1 \cot (\phi)=\frac{1}{x^{2}-1}

x = 3 × 1 x 2 1 1 \therefore x=\sqrt{3} \times {\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^{2}-1}}}-1 \Rightarrow x + 1 = 3 x 2 1 x+1=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{x^{2}-1}} \Rightarrow ( x + 1 ) ( x 2 1 ) = 3 (x+1)(\sqrt{x^{2}-1})=\sqrt3 \Rightarrow ( x + 1 ) 2 ( x 2 1 ) = 3 (x+1)^{2}(x^{2}-1)=3 \Rightarrow ( x 2 + 2 x + 1 ) ( x 2 1 ) = 3 (x^{2}+2x+1)(x^{2}-1)=3 \Rightarrow x 4 + 2 x 3 + x 2 x 2 2 x 4 = 0 x^{4}+2x{3}+x^{2}-x^{2}-2x-4=0 \Rightarrow x 4 + 2 x 3 2 x 4 = 0 \boxed{x^{4}+2x^{3}-2x-4=0}

At this point, we have a quartic polynomial , so factoring is necessary to solve for the value of x x . If you observe carefully, you'll notice that you can factor by grouping in this case by factoring x 3 x^{3} in the first group and 2 -2 in the second group as such:

x 3 ( x + 2 ) 2 ( x + 2 ) = 0 x^{3}(x+2)-2(x+2)=0

( x + 2 ) ( x 3 2 ) = 0 \therefore \boxed{(x+2)(x^{3}-2)=0}

Now, all we have to do is set both of the factors to 0 0 to solve for x x as such:

x + 2 = 0 x+2=0 \Rightarrow x = 2 \boxed{x=-2}

x 3 2 = 0 x^{3}-2=0 \Rightarrow x 3 = 2 x^{3}=2 \Rightarrow x = 2 3 \boxed{x=\sqrt[3]{2}}

Now we have two values for x x , but since x x represents a side length, x 2 x\ne-2 .

x = 2 3 1.259 \therefore x=\sqrt[3]{2}\approx\boxed{1.259}

When you type in 1...

Krishna Bhatraju - 2 years, 6 months ago
Ajit Athle
Jun 27, 2018

Using Zico Quintina's diagram and applying Menelaus's Theorem to triangle FCB with ADE as the transversal we can say: C A A B \frac{CA}{AB} x B D D F \frac{BD}{DF} x F E E C \frac{FE}{EC} =1 or 2 1 \frac{2}{1} x 1 y \frac{1}{y} x 1 x \frac{1}{x} =1 or y= 2 x \frac{2}{x} . Now apply Stewart's Theorem in triangle FCD to obtain: 1+x* 4 x ² \frac{4}{x²} =(1+x)(x+x²-1) which yields, x=2^(1/3)~=1.2599

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