The Famous problem of Antiquity

Algebra Level 5

Given infinite sequences a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , a_1,a_2,a_3,\cdots and b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , b_1,b_2,b_3,\cdots of real numbers satisfying

a n + 1 + b n + 1 = a n + b n 2 \displaystyle a_{n+1}+b_{n+1}=\frac{a_n+b_n}{2}

a n + 1 b n + 1 = a n b n \displaystyle a_{n+1}b_{n+1}=\sqrt{a_nb_n}

for all n 1 n \geq 1 .

Suppose b 2016 = 1 b_{2016} = 1 and a 1 > 0 a_1 > 0 .

Find the number of possible values of a 1 a_1 .


The answer is 1.

This section requires Javascript.
You are seeing this because something didn't load right. We suggest you, (a) try refreshing the page, (b) enabling javascript if it is disabled on your browser and, finally, (c) loading the non-javascript version of this page . We're sorry about the hassle.

1 solution

Here is a gist of a proof, I think, (some gaps are left for you to fill in):

We require that both sequences be real. So for each n > 0 n > 0 , a n , b n a_n, b_n must be such that there exist reals a n + 1 , b n + 1 a_{n+1}, b_{n+1} such that the two recursive equalities are met. Using that x + y = A , x y = 1 x+y=A, x y =1 has a real solution iff A 2 |A| \geq 2 , we determine that ( a n + b n ) 4 2 8 ( a n b n ) (a_n + b_n)^4 \geq 2^8 (a_n b_n) , i.e., ( a 1 + b 1 ) 4 2 8 2 4 ( n 1 ) ( a 1 b 1 ) 2 1 n (a_1+b_1)^4 \geq 2^8 2^{4(n-1)} (a_1 b_1)^{2^{1-n}} for all n > 0 n > 0 . If a 1 b 1 0 a_1 b_1 \neq 0 , then ( a 1 b 1 ) 2 1 n 1 (a_1 b_1)^{2^{1-n}} \rightarrow 1 as n n \rightarrow \infty . But then ( a 1 + b 1 ) 4 2 8 2 4 ( n 1 ) ( a 1 b 1 ) 2 1 n (a_1+b_1)^4 \geq 2^8 2^{4(n-1)} (a_1 b_1)^{2^{1-n}} is a contradiction, since the right side grows to \infty as n n \rightarrow \infty . Thus, a 1 b 1 = 0 a_1 b_1 = 0 . a 1 > 0 , a_1 > 0, so b 1 = 0 b_1 = 0 . In order for b 2016 = 1 b_{2016} = 1 , at some m 2016 m \leq 2016 , we must have b m 0 b_m \neq 0 . For example, we can take a 1 = 2 2015 , b 1 = 0 , a m = 0 , b m = a 1 / ( 2 m 1 ) a_1 = 2^{2015}, b_1 = 0, a_m = 0, b_m = a_1/(2^{m-1}) for m 2 m \geq 2 . No matter where we choose to switch a m a_m to zero and b m b_m to nonzero, we must have a 1 = 2 2015 a_1 = 2^{2015} .

0 pending reports

×

Problem Loading...

Note Loading...

Set Loading...