i + i 2 + i 3 + i 4 + ⋯ + i 2 0 1 8
What is the simplified value of the expression above?
Notation: i = − 1 denotes the imaginary unit.
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i = i , i 2 = − 1 , i 3 = − i , i 4 = 1 ⇒ i + i 2 + i 3 + i 4 = i − 1 − i + 1 = 0
Since i 4 n + 1 = i and 4 ∣ 2 0 1 6 ,
i + i 2 + i 3 + i 4 + … + i 2 0 1 6 = 0
i 2 0 1 7 + i 2 0 1 8 = i − 1
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Solution 1: Cyclical nature of i n
We note that the powers of i is cyclical with a period of 4 as follows:
i n = ⎩ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎧ 1 i − 1 − i if n m o d 4 = 0 if n m o d 4 = 1 if n m o d 4 = 2 if n m o d 4 = 3
Similarly, the sum of the powers of i is also cyclical as follows:
s n = k = 1 ∑ n i k = ⎩ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎧ 0 i i − 1 − 1 if n m o d 4 = 0 if n m o d 4 = 1 if n m o d 4 = 2 if n m o d 4 = 3
Since 2 0 1 8 m o d 4 = 2 ⟹ s 2 0 1 8 = i − 1 .
Solution 2: Sum of Geometric Progression
s 2 0 1 8 = k = 1 ∑ 2 0 1 8 i k = i − 1 i ( i 2 0 1 8 − 1 ) = i − 1 i ( − 2 ) = ( 1 − i ) ( 1 + i ) 2 i ( 1 + i ) = i − 1