The letters of the Latin Alphabet

Consider all 2 6 26 26^{26} words of length 26 in the Latin alphabet. Define the weight of a word as 1 ( k + 1 ) \dfrac{1}{(k + 1)} , where k is the number of letters not used in this word. Find the sum of the weights of all the words in Latin.

If the weight can be represented as a b a^b , where a a is in it's lowest form. That is if the answer is 8 66 8^{66} , a a is minimised when the answer is rewritten to be 2 198 2^{198} . Find a b ab .

This is from the IMC 2015


The answer is 225.

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1 solution

Jorge Fernández
Aug 23, 2015

The sum of the weights is ( n + 1 ) n 1 (n+1)^{n-1} . We prove this via a standard double counting in and out argument, my teammate solved it like this in the test. Suppose there are ( n k ) a k \binom{n}{k}a_k words of length n n that use k k letters. Then the sum of the weights is k = 1 n ( n k ) a k n k + 1 = k = 1 n ( n + 1 k ) a k n + 1 = 1 n + 1 k = 1 n ( n + 1 k ) a k \sum_{k=1}^n\frac{\binom{n}{k}a_k}{n-k+1}=\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{\binom{n+1}{k}a_k}{n+1} =\frac{1}{n+1}\sum_{k=1}^n \binom{n+1}{k}a_k . The sum on the right gives us the number of words of length n n from an alphabet of size n + 1 n+1 and is therefore ( n + 1 ) n (n+1)^n . dividing by n + 1 n+1 yields the desired n + 1 n 1 n+1^{n-1} . Thus the sum of weights is 2 7 25 = 3 75 27^{25}=3^{75} and therefore the answer is 225 225

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