Let and be any 2 invertible functions. Then find the probability of them intersecting at (distinct) points or lesser .
You may require a calculator.
Find answer when
If your answer is , input . (Where is the floor function)
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Let us first consider this problem with a finite set S instead of N , with n( S )=n
WLOG, we take f as a reference function.
Let f = ( ( s 1 , s 1 ′ ) , ( s 2 , s 2 ′ ) , . . . . , ( s n , s n ′ ) ) , with s i ∈ S and s i ′ is the unique image of s i under f (since f is invertible). Now, for g to intersect f at exactly k points, any k of the ( s i , s i ′ ) pairs in f should be same as in g (which is also invertible).
Number of ways of choosing these = ( k n )
Now, rest of the ( n − k ) items need to be deranged, as none of the other pairs should match.
Derangement of n − k items = ( n − k ) ! D ( n − k ) where D ( n − k ) = ∑ r = 0 n − k r ! ( − 1 ) r
⟹ number of functions g possible under given conditions = ( k n ) [ ( n − k ) ! D ( n − k ) ]
Total number of ways of forming g = n !
⟹ Probability ( P ) of g intersecting f at k points = n ! ( k n ) ( n − k ) ! D ( n − k ) = k ! D ( n − k )
Now, replacing S with N (for our case) and since n ( N ) → ∞ , P → k ! e 1
(using Taylor series expansion ↣ D ( n − k ) → e 1 as n → ∞ )
⟹ A ( a n s w e r ) = ∑ i = 0 k P . Substituting k = 4 and P , A = e 1 ( 0 ! 1 + 1 ! 1 + . . + 4 ! 1 ) = 0 . 9 9 6 3 4 0 1 . . ⟹ ⌊ 1 0 5 A ⌋ = 9 9 6 3 4
Will refine any ambiguities soon :).