The 'simpler', the weirder

Let f : N N f : \mathbb N \to \mathbb N and g : N N g : \mathbb N \to \mathbb N be any 2 invertible functions. Then find the probability of them intersecting at k k (distinct) points or lesser .

  • You may require a calculator.

  • Find answer when k = 4 k = 4

  • If your answer is A A , input 1 0 5 A \lfloor 10^{5}A\rfloor . (Where . \lfloor .\rfloor is the floor function)

Original :). Any corrections would be helpful.


The answer is 99634.

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1 solution

Deepankur Jain
Jun 4, 2021

Let us first consider this problem with a finite set S S instead of N \mathbb N , with n( S S )=n

WLOG, we take f f as a reference function.

Let f = ( ( s 1 , s 1 ) , ( s 2 , s 2 ) , . . . . , ( s n , s n ) ) f=({(s_1,s'_1),(s_2,s'_2),....,(s_n,s'_n)}) , with s i S {s_i}\in S and s i {s'_i} is the unique image of s i {s_i} under f f (since f f is invertible). Now, for g g to intersect f f at exactly k k points, any k k of the ( s i , s i ({s_i,s'_i} ) pairs in f f should be same as in g g (which is also invertible).

Number of ways of choosing these = ( n k ) n\choose k

Now, rest of the ( n k n-k ) items need to be deranged, as none of the other pairs should match.

Derangement of n k n-k items = ( n k ) ! D ( n k ) (n-k)!D(n-k) where D ( n k ) D(n-k) = r = 0 n k ( 1 ) r r ! \sum_{r=0}^{n-k}\frac{(-1)^r}{r!}

\implies number of functions g g possible under given conditions = ( n k ) [ ( n k ) ! D ( n k ) ] {n\choose k} [(n-k)!D(n-k)]

Total number of ways of forming g = n ! g = n!

\implies Probability ( P ) (P) of g g intersecting f f at k k points = ( n k ) ( n k ) ! D ( n k ) n ! = D ( n k ) k ! \frac{{n\choose k} (n-k)!D(n-k)}{n!} = \frac{D(n-k)}{k!}

Now, replacing S S with N \mathbb N (for our case) and since n ( N ) n(\mathbb N)→∞ , P 1 k ! e P→\frac{1}{k! e}
(using Taylor series expansion D ( n k ) 1 e ↣D(n-k) →\frac{1}{e} as n n→∞ )

A ( a n s w e r ) = i = 0 k P . \implies A (answer) = \sum_{i=0}^{k} P. Substituting k = 4 k=4 and P P , A = 1 e ( 1 0 ! + 1 1 ! + . . + 1 4 ! ) = 0.9963401.. A = \frac{1}{e}(\frac{1}{0!}+\frac{1}{1!}+..+\frac{1}{4!}) = 0.9963401.. 1 0 5 A = 99634 \implies \lfloor 10^5A\rfloor = \boxed{99634}

Will refine any ambiguities soon :).

Would like to know if this logic can be applied to functions on real numbers as well.

Deepankur Jain - 5 days, 10 hours ago

@Deepankur Jain This topic is studied in college . Did anyone help you to study this or you are self taught?

Talulah Riley - 3 days, 10 hours ago

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Yes, we learnt about derangements in our coaching.

Deepankur Jain - 3 days, 10 hours ago

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@Deepankur Jain But this level is very High ,which coaching you have joined ? Is it Fiitjee or what ?

Talulah Riley - 3 days, 10 hours ago

@Deepankur Jain Can you please post the solution of this problem .
https://brilliant.org/problems/mechanics-109-2020/ Thanks in advance

Talulah Riley - 3 days, 10 hours ago

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Used a similar approach as yours. Nice problem though.

Deepankur Jain - 3 days, 8 hours ago

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