There Must Be Odd

Let T T be the number of nonempty subsets of { 1 , 2 , , 100 } \{1,2,\ldots,100\} containing at least one odd integer. Determine the remainder when T T is divided by 1000 1000 .


The answer is 752.

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1 solution

There are 2 100 1 2^{100}-1 nonempty subsets of { 1 , 2 , 3 , , 100 } \{1, 2, 3,\ldots, 100\} . Since there are 50 50 even numbers from 1 1 to 100 100 , there are 2 50 1 2^{50}-1 nonempty subsets of { 1 , 2 , 3 , , 100 } \{1, 2, 3,\ldots, 100\} which don't have an odd element. Thus, there are T = 2 100 1 ( 2 50 1 ) = 2 100 2 50 T=2^{100}-1-(2^{50}-1)=2^{100}-2^{50} subsets having at least one odd element. By Euler's Totient Theorem, we have 2 100 1 ( m o d 125 ) 2^{100}\equiv 1\pmod{125} since φ ( 125 ) = 100 \varphi(125)=100 . Furthermore, we have 2 7 3 ( m o d 125 ) 2 42 729 104 ( m o d 125 ) 2^7\equiv 3\pmod{125}\implies 2^{42}\equiv 729\equiv 104\pmod{125} and 2 8 6 ( m o d 125 ) 2^8\equiv 6\pmod{125} , so 2 50 104 ( 6 ) 1 ( m o d 125 ) 2^{50}\equiv 104(6)\equiv -1\pmod{125} , so 2 100 2 50 2 ( m o d 125 ) 2^{100}-2^{50}\equiv 2\pmod{125} . Since 8 2 100 2 50 8\mid 2^{100}-2^{50} , by Chinese Remainder Theorem we get 2 100 2 50 752 ( m o d 1000 ) 2^{100}-2^{50}\equiv 752\pmod{1000} , so the answer is 752 \boxed{752} .

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