This is INSANE !!

Let P n P_{n} denote the number of ways of selecting 3 3 persons out of n n people sitting in a row such that no two of them are consecutive and let Q n Q_{n} denote the number of ways of selecting 3 3 persons of out n n sitting on a round table such that no two of them are consecutive. If P n Q n = 6 P_{n} - Q_{n} = 6 . Let X = n 4 X = n - 4


r = 0 n ( n r ) n r ( r + 2 ) \displaystyle \sum_{r=0}^{n}\dfrac{\left(\begin{array}{c}n \\ r\end{array}\right)}{n^{r}(r+2)}

If value of the expression above can be represented as ( n + a ) n n n ( n + b ) + n c ( n + a ) ( n + b ) \dfrac{(n+a)^{n}}{n^{n}(n+b)} + \dfrac{n^{c}}{(n+a)(n+b)}

Let Y = a + b + c 2 Y = a + b + \frac{c}{2}


( x 2 ) 3 m sin ( x 2 ) \left \lfloor\frac{(x-2)^3}{m}\right \rfloor\cdot\sin(x-2)

Find all the values of m R + m \in{\mathbb{R^{+}}} such that the function above has exactly 5 5 points of discontinuity in [ Y , X ] [Y,X]

Let the minimum value in the solution set be A A and maximum value B B .


Evaluate :

5 32 B + 100 A \dfrac{5}{32}B + \lfloor 100A \rfloor


The answer is 1035.

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1 solution

Mark Hennings
May 14, 2018

P n = ( n 2 3 ) P_n = \binom{n-2}{3} and Q n = 1 3 n ( n 4 2 ) Q_n = \tfrac13n\binom{n-4}{2} , so that P n Q n = n 4 P_n - Q_n = n-4 , and hence X = 6 X = 6 .

If f ( x ) = r = 0 n ( n r ) x r r + 2 f(x) = \sum_{r=0}^n\binom{n}{r}\frac{x^r}{r+2} , then d d x ( x 2 f ( x ) ) = x ( 1 + x ) n \tfrac{d}{dx}\big(x^2f(x)\big) =x(1+x)^n , from which we obtain r = 0 n ( n r ) n r ( n + 2 ) = f ( 1 n ) = ( n + 1 ) n n n ( n + 2 ) + n 2 ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) \sum_{r=0}^n \frac{\binom{n}{r}}{n^r(n+2)} \; = \; f(\tfrac{1}{n}) \; = \; \frac{(n+1)^n}{n^n(n+2)} + \frac{n^2}{(n+1)(n+2)} and hence Y = 1 + 2 + 2 2 = 4 Y = 1 +2 + \tfrac{2}{2} = 4 .

The function ( x 2 ) 3 m \left\lfloor \tfrac{(x-2)^3}{m} \right\rfloor has fewer than 5 5 discontinuities in [ 4 , 6 ] [4,6] for m > 64 5 m > \tfrac{64}{5} , 5 5 discontinuities in [ 4 , 6 ] [4,6] for 64 6 < m 64 5 \tfrac{64}{6} < m \le \tfrac{64}{5} , 6 6 discontinuities in [ 4 , 6 ] [4,6] for 64 7 < m 64 6 \tfrac{64}{7} < m \le \tfrac{64}{6} , and 7 7 or more discontinuities in [ 4 , 6 ] [4,6] for m < 64 7 m < \tfrac{64}{7} . The only zero of sin ( x 2 ) \sin(x-2) in [ 4 , 6 ] [4,6] is x = 2 + π x = 2 + \pi . Thus we deduce that ( x 2 ) 3 m sin ( x 2 ) \left\lfloor \tfrac{(x-2)^3}{m}\right\rfloor\,\sin(x-2) has exactly 5 5 discontinuities in [ 4 , 6 ] [4,6] when m m belongs to the set { 1 3 π 3 } ( 64 6 , 64 5 ] \left\{ \tfrac13\pi^3\right\} \cup \left(\tfrac{64}{6},\tfrac{64}{5}\right] (when m = 1 3 π 3 m = \tfrac13\pi^3 one of the 6 points of discontinuity of ( x 2 ) 3 m \left\lfloor \tfrac{(x-2)^3}{m} \right\rfloor in [ 4 , 6 ] [4,6] occurs at x = 2 + π x = 2+\pi , and so is not a discontinuity of ( x 2 ) 3 m sin ( x 2 ) \left\lfloor \tfrac{(x-2)^3}{m}\right\rfloor\,\sin(x-2) . Thus A = 1 3 π 3 A = \tfrac13\pi^3 and B = 64 5 B = \tfrac{64}{5} , making the answer 5 32 × 64 5 + 100 3 π 3 = 2 + 1033 = 1035 \tfrac{5}{32} \times \tfrac{64}{5} + \left\lfloor \tfrac{100}{3}\pi^3\right\rfloor \; = \; 2 + 1033 = \boxed{1035}

Great solution sir ! .But the solution has a few typos...Instead of [2,4] , it should be [4,6]

Ankit Kumar Jain - 3 years ago

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