Alif is an archer. There is an 9 in 10 chance that he can hit the target. What is the probability that within 10 chance, he will miss only one target?
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For 10 independent reoccuring events (sampling with replacement) with the same probability for each individual event, we use binomial theorem. So with probability of and the event to happen is 0.9, and we want 9 out of 10 targets, we can expand the binomial to the 1 0 t h power and find the coefficient of exactly 9 successes.
Namely let p = ( 0 . 9 a + 0 . 1 ) where a is a label for a success. Thus ( 0 . 9 a + 0 . 1 ) 1 0 is the probability of 10 events.
Let P ( x = k ) ∼ B i n o m ( n = 1 0 , π = 0 . 9 ) = ( k 1 0 ) ( 0 . 9 k ) ( 0 . 1 1 0 − k )
Thus the coefficient for 9 successes is as follows.
P ( x = 9 ) = ( 9 1 0 ) ( 0 . 9 9 ) ( 0 . 1 1 ) = 9 ! ⋅ 1 ! 1 0 ! ( 0 . 9 9 ) ( 0 . 1 ) = 9 ! 1 0 ⋅ 9 ! ( 0 . 9 9 ) ( 0 . 1 ) = 1 0 ( 0 . 9 9 ) ( 0 . 1 ) = 0 . 9 9 = 0 . 3 8 7 4 2 ≈ 3 8 . 7 4 %