Consider the following logic circuit:
When we toggle A, we would like the output to toggle as well. i.e. We would like the signal to propagate from A to X.
How many different ways can we set the remaining inputs so that this happens?
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If any of B , C , or D were 0 , then A B C D would be 0 no matter what A is, which would mean A could not toggle the output. Therefore, B = C = D = 1 .
If E F G H is 1 , then X would be 1 no matter what A is, which would mean A could not toggle the output. Therefore, E F G H = 0 .
Since E F G H = 0 , at least one of E , F , G , and H is 0 , which is all possible combinations except one (when E = F = G = H = 1 ), for a total of 2 4 − 1 = 1 5 different ways.
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B, C, and D must each be set to one.
And E, F, G, H can be set to anything but all ones.
⟹ 1 5 ways