Tricky Tangent Trigo

Geometry Level 3

What is the value of

tan π 25 × tan 2 π 25 × tan 3 π 25 × × tan 12 π 25 ? \tan \frac{ \pi } { 25} \times \tan \frac{ 2 \pi } { 25} \times \tan \frac{ 3 \pi } { 25} \times \ldots \times \tan \frac{12 \pi } { 25 } ?


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25 None of the above 5 1

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2 solutions

James Shi
Oct 26, 2014

Brief explanation of my method:

You can rewrite the expression as k = 1 24 cos k π 50 ( k = 1 12 cos k π 25 ) 2 \dfrac{\prod \limits_{k=1}^{24} \cos \frac{k\pi}{50}}{\left(\prod \limits_{k=1}^{12} \cos \frac{k\pi}{25}\right)^2}

You can get these products by using vieta's on the polynomial with roots in the form cos 2 π k n \cos \frac{2\pi k}{n} where k k ranges from 0 0 to n 1 n-1 , and then taking advantage of the symmetry of the product of the roots of the polynomial.

The polynomial P ( x ) P(x) with the roots in the form cos 2 π k n \cos \frac{2\pi k}{n} satisfies P ( cos ( θ ) ) = cos ( n θ ) 1 P(\cos(\theta))=\cos(n\theta)-1 . You can express cos ( n θ ) \cos(n\theta) in terms of cos ( θ ) \cos(\theta) by using De Moivre's and expanding the RHS of the equation cos ( n θ ) + i sin ( n θ ) = ( cos ( θ ) + i sin ( θ ) ) n \cos(n\theta)+i\sin(n\theta)=(\cos(\theta)+i\sin(\theta))^n , and replacing sin 2 ( θ ) \sin^2(\theta) with 1 cos 2 ( θ ) 1-\cos^2(\theta) . You don't need to find the value of each coefficient of every term in the polynomial, just the first and last non-zero coefficients (since you want to use vieta's on the product of the roots).

You should get k = 0 , k 25 99 cos k π 50 = ( 100 2 ) + 50 2 99 = 625 2 96 = ( k = 1 24 cos k π 50 ) 4 \prod \limits_{k=0,k\nmid25}^{99} \cos \frac{k\pi}{50}=\dfrac{\binom{100}{2}+50}{2^{99}}=\dfrac{625}{2^{96}}=\left(\prod \limits_{k=1}^{24} \cos \frac{k\pi}{50}\right)^4

and k = 0 , k 25 49 cos k π 25 = 1 2 48 = ( k = 1 12 cos k π 25 ) 4 \prod \limits_{k=0,k\nmid25}^{49} \cos \frac{k\pi}{25}=\dfrac{1}{2^{48}}=\left(\prod \limits_{k=1}^{12} \cos \frac{k\pi}{25}\right)^4

so the answer is 5 2 24 1 2 24 = 5 \dfrac{\frac{5}{2^{24}}}{\frac{1}{2^{24}}}=\boxed{5} .

Nicely done. The polynomials that you are referring to, are (related to) Chebyshev Polynomials .

Using a similar approach, you can show that

k = 1 n 1 sin ( k π n ) = n 2 n 1 \prod_{k=1}^{n-1} \sin\left(\frac{k\pi}{n}\right) = \frac{n}{2^{n-1}}

k = 1 n 1 cos ( k π n ) = sin ( π n / 2 ) 2 n 1 \prod_{k=1}^{n-1} \cos\left(\frac{k\pi}{n}\right) = \frac{\sin(\pi n/2)}{2^{n-1}}

k = 1 n 1 tan ( k π n ) = n sin ( π n / 2 ) \prod_{k=1}^{n-1} \tan\left(\frac{k\pi}{n}\right) = \frac{n}{\sin(\pi n/2)}

Calvin Lin Staff - 6 years, 7 months ago
Lu Chee Ket
Jan 4, 2015

Angle not in degree and Excel shall give fastest calculation.

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