If a m = n = 2 ∑ m ( 2 n − 1 1 + k = 1 ∑ n − 1 2 n − k L k ) for m ≥ 2 , find ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ( m = 2 ∑ ∞ ( 2 + a m ) 2 1 ) − 1 ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ .
Notation: L n denotes the n th Lucas number , where L 0 = 2 , L 1 = 1 , and L n = L n − 1 + L n − 2 for n ≥ 2 .
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Let s n denote the n th summand of a m : s 2 = 2 1 + 2 L 1 = 1 , s 3 = 2 2 1 + 2 2 L 1 + 2 L 2 = 2 , s 4 = 2 3 1 + 2 3 L 1 + 2 2 L 2 + 2 L 3 = 3 , s 5 = 2 4 1 + 2 4 L 1 + 2 3 L 2 + 2 2 L 2 + 2 L 3 = 5 , s 6 = 2 5 1 + 2 5 L 1 + 2 4 L 2 + 2 3 L 2 + 2 2 L 3 + 2 L 4 = 8 . Evidently, a m is the sum of Fibonacci numbers. To verify this, notice that ( s n ) satisfies the recurrence relation s n + 1 = 2 1 s n + 2 L n − 1 , or equivalently, 2 s n + 1 − s n = L n − 1 . This recurrence relation is also known to be satisfied by the Fibonacci numbers: 2 F n − F n − 1 = L n − 1 , where F n is the n th Fibonacci number (with F 0 = F 1 = 1 ). Since s 2 = F 1 and s 3 = F 2 , and since ( s n ) and ( F n − 1 ) follow the same recurrence relation, s n = F n − 1 , and thus a m = n = 2 ∑ m F n − 1 = n = 1 ∑ m − 1 F n . There is a simple way to compute sums of Fibonacci numbers: n = 1 ∑ m − 1 F n = F m + 1 − 2 . This can be verified by induction: when m = 2 , n = 1 ∑ m − 1 F n = 1 = 3 − 2 = F m + 1 − 2 , and for any m ≥ 2 , n = 1 ∑ m − 1 F n = F m + 1 − 2 ⟹ n = 1 ∑ m F n = F m + F m + 1 − 2 = F m + 2 − 2 . This shows that a m = F m + 1 − 2 . Now consider m = 2 ∑ ∞ ( 2 + a m ) 2 1 = m = 2 ∑ ∞ ( F m + 1 ) 2 1 . Since F m + 1 increases quickly, this series converges quickly. The first twenty terms of the series give a good approximation of its value: m = 2 ∑ ∞ ( F m + 1 ) 2 1 ≈ m = 2 ∑ 2 1 ( F m + 1 ) 2 1 ≈ 0 . 1 7 6 ⟹ ( m = 2 ∑ ∞ ( F m + 1 ) 2 1 ) − 1 ≈ 5 . 6 7 1 . Therefore, the solution is ⌊ 5 . 6 7 1 ⌋ = 5 .