What digit replaces in the equation above?
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Note that 4 3 = 6 4 = 9 ⋅ 7 + 1 , so 4 3 leaves a remainder of 1 when divided by 9. Using Modular Arithmetic - Exponentiation , 4 1 8 = ( 4 3 ) 6 also leaves a remainder of 1 when divided by 9.
Note that the remainder upon division by 9 is equivalent to the remainder when the sum of the digits of the number is divided by 9. (Does anyone want to write a quick proof of this?) The sum of the digits is 6 + 8 + 7 + 1 + 9 + 4 + X + 6 + 7 + 3 + 6 = 5 7 + X .
Thus, for the remainder to be 1, we must have X = 7 as 5 7 + 7 = 9 ⋅ 7 + 1 .