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Calculus Level 4

y = 1 ( 2 x ) 2 2 ! + ( 2 x ) 4 4 ! ( 2 x ) 6 6 ! + \large y = 1 - \frac{(2x)^2}{2!} + \frac{(2x)^4}{4!} - \frac{(2x)^6}{6!} + \ldots

Find d 2 y d x 2 \dfrac{d^2y}{dx^2} at x = π x = \pi .


The answer is -4.

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3 solutions

Akhil Bansal
Dec 6, 2015

y = 1 ( 2 x ) 2 2 ! + ( 2 x ) 4 4 ! ( 2 x ) 6 6 ! + \large y = 1 - \frac{(2x)^2}{2!} + \frac{(2x)^4}{4!} - \frac{(2x)^6}{6!} + \ldots Above series is expansion of cos ( 2 x ) \cos(2x)
y = cos ( 2 x ) \large y = \cos(2x) d y d x = 2 sin ( 2 x ) \large \dfrac{dy}{dx} = -2\sin(2x) d 2 y d x 2 = 4 cos ( 2 x ) = 4 cos ( 2 π ) = 4 \large \dfrac{d^2y}{dx^2} = -4\cos(2x) = -4\cos(2\pi) = -4

Akshay Sharma
Dec 8, 2015

Simply the function of 'x' mentioned is the expansion of cos2x , hence double derivative of cos2x at x=pi is [-4].

The expansion of the cosine function around x = 0 x = 0 is cos x = 1 x 2 2 ! + x 4 4 ! + + ( ) n x 2 n ( 2 n ) ! + . \cos x = 1 - \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} -+ \cdots + (-)^n\frac{x^{2n}}{(2n)!} + \cdots. Thus the given series is equal to y = cos ( 2 x ) . y = \cos(2x). The derivative is therefore d 2 d x 2 cos ( 2 x ) = d d x ( 2 sin 2 x ) = 4 cos 2 x , \frac {d^2}{dx^2}\cos(2x) = \frac d{dx}(-2\sin 2x) = -4\cos 2x, and substituting x = π x = \pi gives 4 cos 2 π = 4 . -4\cos 2\pi = \boxed{-4}.

Alternative:

The second derivative of the term T = ( 2 x ) n n ! = 2 n n ! x n T = \frac{(2x)^n}{n!} = \frac{2^n}{n!}x^n is d 2 T d x 2 = 2 n n ! n ( n 1 ) x n 2 = 2 n ( n 2 ) ! x n 2 = 4 ( 2 x ) n 2 ( n 2 ) ! , \frac{d^2T}{dx^2} = \frac{2^n}{n!}\cdot n\cdot (n-1)\cdot x^{n-2} = \frac{2^n}{(n-2)!}x^{n-2} = 4\cdot\frac{(2x)^{n-2}}{(n-2)!}, which is equal to the previous term except for the sign. Therefore d 2 y d x 2 = 4 y \frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = -4y for every value of x x .

Of course, to see that y = 1 y = 1 when x = π x = \pi , we still need to recognize that this series describes the cosine function.

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