u , v and w u,v \text{ and } w

Calculus Level 3

Let u = 1 + x 3 3 ! + x 6 6 ! + x 9 9 ! + \large u=1+\frac{x^3}{3!}+\frac{x^6}{6!}+\frac{x^9}{9!}+\cdots

and v = x + x 4 4 ! + x 7 7 ! + x 10 10 ! + \large v=x+\frac{x^4}{4!}+\frac{x^7}{7!}+\frac{x^{10}}{10!}+\cdots

and w = x 2 2 ! + x 5 5 ! + x 8 8 ! + \large w=\frac{x^2}{2!}+\frac{x^5}{5!}+\frac{x^8}{8!}+\cdots

Then what is u 3 + v 3 + w 3 3 u v w = ? \large u^3+v^3+w^3- 3uvw=?


The answer is 1.

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2 solutions

Jon Haussmann
Jun 23, 2018

Let α \alpha be a primitive cube root of unity. Then u + v + w = 1 + x + x 2 2 ! + x 3 3 ! + x 4 4 ! + x 5 5 ! + = n = 0 x n n ! = e x , u + α v + α 2 w = 1 + α x + α 2 x 2 2 ! + x 3 3 ! + α x 4 4 ! + α 2 x 5 5 ! + = n = 0 ( α x ) n n ! = e α x , u + α 2 v + α w = 1 + α 2 x + α x 2 2 ! + x 3 3 ! + α 2 x 4 4 ! + α x 5 5 ! + = n = 0 ( α 2 x ) n n ! = e α 2 x . \begin{aligned} u + v + w &= 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} + \frac{x^5}{5!} + \dots = \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{x^n}{n!} = e^x, \\ u + \alpha v + \alpha^2 w &= 1 + \alpha x + \alpha^2 \cdot \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^3}{3!} + \alpha \cdot \frac{x^4}{4!} + \alpha^2 \cdot \frac{x^5}{5!} + \dots = \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{(\alpha x)^n}{n!} = e^{\alpha x}, \\ u + \alpha^2 v + \alpha w &= 1 + \alpha^2 x + \alpha \cdot \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^3}{3!} + \alpha^2 \cdot \frac{x^4}{4!} + \alpha \cdot \frac{x^5}{5!} + \dots = \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{(\alpha^2 x)^n}{n!} = e^{\alpha^2 x}. \end{aligned}

Multiplying, we get ( u + v + w ) ( u + α v + α 2 w ) ( u + α 2 v + α w ) = e x + α x + α 2 x . (u + v + w)(u + \alpha v + \alpha^2 w)(u + \alpha^2 v + \alpha w) = e^{x + \alpha x + \alpha^2 x}. This reduces to u 3 + v 3 + w 3 3 u v w = 1. u^3 + v^3 + w^3 - 3uvw = 1.

I notice that "Nakkache" became "Wehbi". Is there a story behind that?

Thank you for the solution. It is the first time l see this problem solved in this manner, nice solution. There is nothing serious behind the story of my name. Hana Wehbi is just my original name.

Hana Wehbi - 2 years, 11 months ago

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Alright then. There is a "cheater" solution: Since the answer is numerical, we can simply check the case where x = 0 x = 0 , which gives you the answer of 1 right away.

Jon Haussmann - 2 years, 11 months ago
Tom Engelsman
Jun 23, 2018

Hey there, Hana! This particular series problem actually appeared in the Purdue University "Problem Of The Week" publication (GO BOILERS!) I was one of the listed solvers back in Fall 2011.....thanks for the memories!

A detailed solution is worked out here:

Purdue POW - Solution #4 F11

Thanks for the solution. I saw your name among the solvers. I honestly got this problem from a Calculus book by Stewart 6 ed.

Hana Wehbi - 2 years, 11 months ago

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Yup, back from my old Tampa, FL days!

tom engelsman - 2 years, 11 months ago

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Nice solution @Tom Engelsman

Hana Wehbi - 2 years, 11 months ago

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