Consider the curve:
Determine the value of the line integral of the vector field over the curve from to .
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@Lil Doug has shown how to evaluate the line integral directly. Another way is to note that the vector field is the gradient of the potential function U = x 2 + y 2 = r 2 .
∫ F ⋅ d ℓ = U 2 − U 1 = ( 4 π ) 2 − 0 2 = 1 6 π 2