n = 1 ∑ ∞ m = 1 ∑ ∞ ( m 2 + n 2 ) 2 1 = b π a G − f π d
The equation above holds true for positive integers a , b , d and f . Find a + b + d + f .
Notation : G = n = 0 ∑ ∞ ( 2 n + 1 ) 2 ( − 1 ) n ≈ 0 . 9 1 6 denotes the Catalan's constant .
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We note that, for any s ≥ 2 , a , b ∈ N ∑ ( a 2 + b 2 ) s 1 = 4 1 ⎩ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎧ ( a , b ) = ( 0 , 0 ) a , b ∈ Z ∑ ( a 2 + b 2 ) s 1 − 4 ζ ( 2 s ) ⎭ ⎪ ⎬ ⎪ ⎫ = 4 1 n = 1 ∑ ∞ n s r 2 ( n ) − ζ ( 2 s ) where r 2 ( n ) is the "sum of squares" function, so that r 2 ( n ) is the number of ways of writing n as the sum of the squares of two integers (including zero and negative integers and counting ordering). A standard result tells us that n = 1 ∑ ∞ n s r 2 ( n ) = 4 ζ ( s ) n = 1 ∑ ∞ ( n − 4 ) n − s for s ≥ 2 , where ( n − 4 ) is the Kronecker symbol. But ( n − 4 ) is equal to 0 whenever n is even, and is equal to ( − 1 ) 2 1 ( n − 1 ) when n is odd. Thus n = 1 ∑ ∞ ( n − 4 ) n − s = n = 0 ∑ ∞ ( 2 n + 1 ) s ( − 1 ) n Putting s = 2 yields a , b ∈ N ∑ ( a 2 + b 2 ) 2 1 = ζ ( 2 ) G − ζ ( 4 ) = 6 1 π 2 G − 9 0 1 π 4 where G is the Catalan constant, making the answer 2 + 6 + 4 + 9 0 = 1 0 2 .