For as defined above, find the value of , where denotes the derivative of with respect to .
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The substitutions u = e t and v = u − 1 give f ( x ) = ∫ 0 ∞ e − 4 1 x ( u − u − 1 ) 2 d u = ∫ 0 ∞ e − 4 1 ( v − v − 1 ) 2 v − 2 d v for x > 0 , and hence f ( x ) = 2 1 ∫ 0 ∞ e − 4 1 x ( u − u − 1 ) 2 ( 1 + u − 2 ) d u = 2 1 ∫ − ∞ ∞ e − 4 1 x w 2 d w = x π for x > 0 , using the substitution w = u − u − 1 . Thus f ′ ( x ) = − 2 x x π x > 0 and so f ′ ( π ) = − 2 π 1 , making the answer 2 π 1 .