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let f ( x ) = ( lo g 1 0 ( x ) − 1 ) 2 then f ′ ( x ) = x ln ( x ) 2 ( lo g 1 0 ( x ) − 1 ) which is strictly decreasing for x ≤ 1 0 and strictly increasing for x ≥ 1 0 . Hence if we approximate the area under the curve between f ( x ) as 2 triangles with bases from x = 1 to 1 0 and x = 1 0 to 1 0 0 , note f ( 1 0 ) = 0 , we must get an over estimate. In doing this we find;
approximate area under f ( x ) for 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0 0 = 2 1 ( 9 × 1 + 9 0 × 1 ) = 4 9 . 5 < 5 0 .