Let x , y , and z be lengths of the sides of a triangle such that x + y + z = 2 .
The range of x y + y z + z x − x y z is ( m , n ] .
If m + n = b a , where a and b are coprime positive integers, what is a + b ?
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Please can you tell me from the beginning that what was in the question you observed that you decided to take those substitutions... What was your mental process?
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Writing x = q + r , and so on, is a standard way to represent the three sides of a triangle. If you think of the semiperimeter s = 2 1 ( x + y + z ) , then p = s − x , q = s − y , r = s − z ; these are fundamental quantities when analysing a triangle.
The main advantage of the substitution is that the quite complex inequalities for x , y , z simply become p , q , r > 0 , and so studying the problem is much simpler now!
Well... I'm not @Mark Hennings , but I'm sure that he solved this using Ravi's substitution, which is mentioned in the "Problem Title" part :)
Nice solution! Thanks!
My solution using triangles properties. Let s = ( x + y + z ) / 2 = 1 the triangle semiperimeter. According Lemma 8 from this paper , we have x y + y z + z x = s 2 + ( 4 R + r ) r , in which r and R are incircle and circumcircle radius of the triangle. We also know that the triangle surface can be given by A = s r = r = x y z / 4 R which leads us to x y z = 4 r R . Manipulating the expression: E = x y + y z + z x − x y z = s 2 + ( 4 R + r ) r − 4 R r = 1 + 4 R r + r 2 − 4 R r = 1 + r 2 = 1 + A 2 . The final result E = 1 + A 2 is equivalent to the expression 1 + p q r found by @Mark Hennings in the solution above. Now, we have to maximize and minimize the triangle surface. The minimum area is zero and it can be shown that a triangle with a given perimeter has the maximum possible area if it is equilateral. Then A m i n = 0 → E m i n = m = 1 , and A m a x = l 2 4 3 = 3 2 2 2 4 3 = 9 3 → E m a x = n = 1 + 2 7 1 = 2 7 2 8 . Thus m + n = 5 5 / 2 7 , so a + b = 5 5 + 2 7 = 8 2 .
With s = 2 1 ( x + y + z ) = 1 , my formula x y + x z + y z = ( 1 − p ) ( 1 − q ) + ( 1 − p ) ( 1 − r ) + ( 1 − q ) ( 1 − r ) = 1 + p q r = 1 + ( s − a ) ( s − b ) ( s − c ) = 1 + A 2 is the same as yours!
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True, but I haven't thought that this problem can be solved using a geometrical approach!
Yeah! Mark, I hadn't seen this equivalence with your solution. Is interesting how differents approaches lead us to the same result, isn't it? I edited my solution to make a reference with yours.
I'm pretty surprised. Nice approach!
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We can write x = q + r , y = p + r , z = p + q for p , q , r > 0 . Then p + q + r = 1 , and so x = 1 − p , y = 1 − q , z = 1 − r , and we are trying to extremise ( 1 − p ) ( 1 − q ) + ( 1 − p ) ( 1 − r ) + ( 1 − q ) ( 1 − r ) − ( 1 − p ) ( 1 − q ) ( 1 − r ) = 2 − ( p + q + r ) + p q r = 1 + p q r By letting p → 0 + we see that m = 1 . Since p q r ≤ ( 3 p + q + r ) 3 ≤ 2 7 1 with equality when p = q = r = 3 1 , we deduce that n = 2 7 2 8 . Thus m + n = 2 7 5 5 , so a + b = 5 5 + 2 7 = 8 2 .