Will Ravi help here?

Algebra Level 3

Let x , y , x, y, and z z be lengths of the sides of a triangle such that x + y + z = 2 x + y + z = 2 .

The range of x y + y z + z x x y z xy + yz + zx - xyz is ( m , n ] (m, n ] .

If m + n = a b m+n = \frac{a}{b} , where a a and b b are coprime positive integers, what is a + b a+b ?


The answer is 82.

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2 solutions

Mark Hennings
May 3, 2017

We can write x = q + r x = q+r , y = p + r y = p+r , z = p + q z = p+q for p , q , r > 0 p,q,r > 0 . Then p + q + r = 1 p+q+r=1 , and so x = 1 p x=1-p , y = 1 q y=1-q , z = 1 r z=1-r , and we are trying to extremise ( 1 p ) ( 1 q ) + ( 1 p ) ( 1 r ) + ( 1 q ) ( 1 r ) ( 1 p ) ( 1 q ) ( 1 r ) = 2 ( p + q + r ) + p q r = 1 + p q r (1-p)(1-q) + (1-p)(1-r) + (1-q)(1-r) - (1-p)(1-q)(1-r) \; = \; 2 - (p+q+r) + pqr \; = \; 1 + pqr By letting p 0 + p \to 0^+ we see that m = 1 m=1 . Since p q r ( p + q + r 3 ) 3 1 27 pqr \; \le \; \Big(\frac{p+q+r}{3}\Big)^3 \; \le \; \frac{1}{27} with equality when p = q = r = 1 3 p=q=r=\tfrac13 , we deduce that n = 28 27 n = \tfrac{28}{27} . Thus m + n = 55 27 , m+n = \frac{55}{27}, so a + b = 55 + 27 = 82 a+b = 55+27=\boxed{82} .

Please can you tell me from the beginning that what was in the question you observed that you decided to take those substitutions... What was your mental process?

Aditya Dutta - 4 years ago

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Writing x = q + r x = q+r , and so on, is a standard way to represent the three sides of a triangle. If you think of the semiperimeter s = 1 2 ( x + y + z ) s = \tfrac12(x+y+z) , then p = s x p = s-x , q = s y q = s-y , r = s z r = s-z ; these are fundamental quantities when analysing a triangle.

The main advantage of the substitution is that the quite complex inequalities for x , y , z x,y,z simply become p , q , r > 0 p,q,r > 0 , and so studying the problem is much simpler now!

Mark Hennings - 4 years ago

Well... I'm not @Mark Hennings , but I'm sure that he solved this using Ravi's substitution, which is mentioned in the "Problem Title" part :)

Steven Jim - 4 years ago

Nice solution! Thanks!

Steven Jim - 4 years, 1 month ago
Pedro Arantes
May 11, 2017

My solution using triangles properties. Let s = ( x + y + z ) / 2 = 1 s=(x+y+z)/2 = 1 the triangle semiperimeter. According Lemma 8 from this paper , we have x y + y z + z x = s 2 + ( 4 R + r ) r , xy + yz + zx = s^2 + (4R+r)r, in which r r and R R are incircle and circumcircle radius of the triangle. We also know that the triangle surface can be given by A = s r = r = x y z / 4 R A = sr = r = xyz/4R which leads us to x y z = 4 r R xyz = 4rR . Manipulating the expression: E = x y + y z + z x x y z = s 2 + ( 4 R + r ) r 4 R r = 1 + 4 R r + r 2 4 R r = 1 + r 2 = 1 + A 2 . E = xy + yz + zx - xyz = s^2 + (4R+r)r - 4Rr = 1 + 4Rr + r^2 - 4Rr = 1+r^2 = 1+A^2. The final result E = 1 + A 2 E = 1 + A^2 is equivalent to the expression 1 + p q r 1 + pqr found by @Mark Hennings in the solution above. Now, we have to maximize and minimize the triangle surface. The minimum area is zero and it can be shown that a triangle with a given perimeter has the maximum possible area if it is equilateral. Then A m i n = 0 E m i n = m = 1 , A_{min} = 0 \to E_{min} = m = 1, and A m a x = l 2 3 4 = 2 2 3 2 3 4 = 3 9 E m a x = n = 1 + 1 27 = 28 27 . A_{max} = l^2\frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = \frac{2^2}{3^2}\frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{9} \to E_{max} = n = 1 + \frac{1}{27} = \frac{28}{27}. Thus m + n = 55 / 27 m+n = 55/27 , so a + b = 55 + 27 = 82 . a + b = 55+27 = \boxed{82}.

With s = 1 2 ( x + y + z ) = 1 s = \tfrac12(x+y+z)= 1 , my formula x y + x z + y z = ( 1 p ) ( 1 q ) + ( 1 p ) ( 1 r ) + ( 1 q ) ( 1 r ) = 1 + p q r = 1 + ( s a ) ( s b ) ( s c ) = 1 + A 2 xy + xz + yz \; = \; (1-p)(1-q) + (1-p)(1-r) + (1-q)(1-r) \; = \; 1 + pqr \; = \; 1 + (s-a)(s-b)(s-c) \; = \; 1 + A^2 is the same as yours!

Mark Hennings - 4 years, 1 month ago

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True, but I haven't thought that this problem can be solved using a geometrical approach!

Steven Jim - 4 years, 1 month ago

Yeah! Mark, I hadn't seen this equivalence with your solution. Is interesting how differents approaches lead us to the same result, isn't it? I edited my solution to make a reference with yours.

Pedro Arantes - 4 years, 1 month ago

I'm pretty surprised. Nice approach!

Steven Jim - 4 years, 1 month ago

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