Wire Hive

Let a n a_{n} be the number of nodes (red) in the enlarging hive-like structure connecting the nodes in sub-units of equilateral triangles as shown above. For instance, a 1 = 1 a_{1} = 1 ; a 2 = 7 a_{2} = 7 ; a 3 = 19 a_{3} = 19 ; etc.

Starting with a 1 = 1 a_{1} = 1 as the first perfect square, find the next perfect square value of a n a_{n} .


The answer is 169.

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1 solution

a 1 = 1 a_{1} = 1

a 2 = 1 + 6 a_{2} = 1 + 6

a 3 = 1 + 6 + 6 × 2 a_{3} = 1 + 6 + 6\times 2

\vdots

a n = 1 + 6 × ( 1 + 2 + 3 + ) = 1 + 6 × ( n ( n 1 ) 2 ) = 1 + 3 n ( n 1 ) = 3 n 2 3 n + 1 a_{n} = 1 + 6\times(1+2+3+\cdots) = 1 + 6\times(\dfrac{n(n-1)}{2}) = 1+3n(n-1) = 3n^2 - 3n +1

Suppose a n = m 2 a_{n} = m^2 for some integer m m .

Then a n = 3 n 2 3 n + 1 = m 2 a_{n} = 3n^2 - 3n +1 = m^2 .

3 n 2 3 n + ( 1 m 2 ) = 0 3n^2 - 3n + (1-m^2) = 0

Solving for n n , n = 3 ± 3 2 4 ( 3 ) ( 1 m 2 ) 2 × 3 = 3 ± 3 ( 3 4 ( 1 m 2 ) ) 2 × 3 = 3 ± 3 ( 4 m 2 1 ) 2 × 3 = 3 ± 3 ( 2 m + 1 ) ( 2 m 1 ) 2 × 3 n = \dfrac{3 \pm \sqrt{3^2 - 4(3)(1-m^2)}}{2\times 3} = \dfrac{3 \pm \sqrt{3(3 - 4(1-m^2))}}{2\times 3} = \dfrac{3 \pm \sqrt{3(4m^2 - 1)}}{2\times 3} = \dfrac{3 \pm \sqrt{3(2m + 1)(2m - 1)}}{2\times 3}

Considering the discriminant, 3 ( 2 m + 1 ) ( 2 m 1 ) 3(2m + 1)(2m - 1) is a perfect square, and since 2 m + 1 2m + 1 and 2 m 1 2m - 1 have absolute difference of 2 2 , they are coprime odd numbers. That means, either 2 m + 1 2m + 1 or 2 m 1 2m - 1 is a perfect square while the other is a multiple of 3 3 and another perfect square.

For the latter, the least number is 3 = 3 × 1 2 3 = 3\times 1^2 while the other number is 1 1 , a perfect square. Plugging in these, we will get n = 1 n = 1 and a 1 = 1 a_{1} = 1 , which is our first perfect square.

Then the next possible odd multiple is 27 = 3 × 3 2 27 = 3\times 3^2 , and then clearly 25 = 5 2 25 = 5^2 , where 27 25 = 2 27-25 = 2 . Hence, 2 m + 1 = 27 ; m = 13 2m + 1 = 27; m = 13 .

As a result, the next perfect square is a 8 = 1 3 2 = 169 a_{8} = 13^2 = \boxed{169} .

Moderator note:

In fact, you've shown something stronger, namely that there are only 2 perfect squares in this sequence!

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