A function f ( x ) satisfies the equation x + 1 = sin ( x + f ( x ) + 1 ) , and the following conditions:
i) f ( − 1 ) = 2 0 1 9 π .
ii) f is continuous on the largest possible interval that contains -1.
Find ⌊ 1 0 0 f ( − 0 . 5 ) ⌋ if this value is well defined. Otherwise, enter 0.
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First, we should understand that the function arcsin ( sin x ) is defined for any values of x and it is periodic with period 2 π . It is easy to verify that arcsin ( sin x ) = x for any x in the interval [ − 2 π , 2 π ] and that arcsin ( sin x ) = π − x for any x in the interval [ 2 π , 2 3 π ] . Therefore, arcsin ( sin x ) = x − 2 n π on the interval [ − 2 π + 2 n π , 2 π + 2 n π ] , or arcsin ( sin x ) = − x + ( 2 n + 1 ) π on the interval [ 2 π + 2 n π , 2 3 π + 2 n π ] , where n is any integer number.
Now taking arcsine of both sides of the equation x + 1 = sin ( x + y + 1 ) , and solving for y it follows that y = − x − 1 + 2 n π + arcsin ( x + 1 ) , or y = − x − 1 + ( 2 n + 1 ) π − arcsin ( x + 1 ) , where n is any integer number. Notice that both formulas define continuous function on the interval [ − 2 , 0 ] .
It is easy to check that the first of these two formulas won't never satisfy the condition that f ( − 1 ) = 2 0 1 9 π . Then we need to use the second formula and from this condition, we obtain that the n = 1 0 0 9 . Therefore, f ( x ) = − x − 1 + ( 2 0 1 9 ) π − arcsin ( x + 1 ) , and then ⌊ 1 0 0 f ( − 0 . 5 ) ⌋ = 6 3 4 1 8 5 .
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Very similar solution to Arturo Presa's, but with less rigour
x + 1 = sin ( x + 1 + f ( x ) )
x + 1 = − sin ( x + 1 + f ( x ) + π ) where sin x = − sin ( x + π )
x + 1 = − sin ( x + 1 + f ( x ) − 2 0 1 9 π ) sin x has a period of 2 π n
f ( x ) = − ( x + 1 ) − arcsin ( x + 1 ) + 2 0 1 9 π which is the form we desire since upon substitution of x = 1 , f ( x ) = 2 0 1 9 π
f ( x ) in this form is defined for the domain − 2 < x < 0
Upon substitution of x = 2 1 , ⌊ 1 0 0 f ( − 0 . 5 ) ⌋ = 6 3 4 1 8 5