Wonderful Implicit Function in 2019!

Algebra Level 4

A function f ( x ) f(x) satisfies the equation x + 1 = sin ( x + f ( x ) + 1 ) , \large x+1=\sin(x+f(x)+1), and the following conditions:

i) f ( 1 ) = 2019 π . f(-1)=2019 \pi.

ii) f f is continuous on the largest possible interval that contains -1.

Find 100 f ( 0.5 ) \lfloor 100 f(-0.5)\rfloor if this value is well defined. Otherwise, enter 0.


The answer is 634185.

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2 solutions

Zhang Xiaokang
Dec 6, 2019

Very similar solution to Arturo Presa's, but with less rigour

x + 1 = sin ( x + 1 + f ( x ) ) x+1=\sin (x+1+f(x))

x + 1 = sin ( x + 1 + f ( x ) + π ) x+1=-\sin (x+1+f(x)+π) where sin x = sin ( x + π ) \sin x = - \sin (x+π)

x + 1 = sin ( x + 1 + f ( x ) 2019 π ) x+1=-\sin (x+1+f(x)-2019π) sin x \sin x has a period of 2 π n 2πn

f ( x ) = ( x + 1 ) arcsin ( x + 1 ) + 2019 π f(x) = -(x+1) - \arcsin (x+1) + 2019π which is the form we desire since upon substitution of x = 1 , f ( x ) = 2019 π x=1, f(x)=2019π

f ( x ) f(x) in this form is defined for the domain 2 < x < 0 -2<x<0

Upon substitution of x = 1 2 x= \frac{1}{2} , 100 f ( 0.5 ) = 634185 ⌊100f(-0.5)⌋= 634185

Arturo Presa
Oct 24, 2019

First, we should understand that the function arcsin ( sin x ) \arcsin (\sin x) is defined for any values of x x and it is periodic with period 2 π . 2 \pi. It is easy to verify that arcsin ( sin x ) = x \arcsin (\sin x)=x for any x x in the interval [ π 2 , π 2 ] [-\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{\pi}{2} ] and that arcsin ( sin x ) = π x \arcsin (\sin x)=\pi-x for any x x in the interval [ π 2 , 3 π 2 ] . [\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{3 \pi}{2} ]. Therefore, arcsin ( sin x ) = x 2 n π \arcsin (\sin x)=x-2n\pi on the interval [ π 2 + 2 n π , π 2 + 2 n π ] , [-\frac{\pi}{2}+2n \pi,\frac{\pi}{2}+2n \pi ], or arcsin ( sin x ) = x + ( 2 n + 1 ) π \arcsin (\sin x)=-x+(2n+1)\pi on the interval [ π 2 + 2 n π , 3 π 2 + 2 n π ] , [\frac{\pi}{2}+2n \pi,\frac{3 \pi}{2}+2n \pi ], where n n is any integer number.

Now taking arcsine of both sides of the equation x + 1 = sin ( x + y + 1 ) , x+1=\sin (x+y+1), and solving for y y it follows that y = x 1 + 2 n π + arcsin ( x + 1 ) , or y = x 1 + ( 2 n + 1 ) π arcsin ( x + 1 ) , y= -x-1+2 n \pi+\arcsin(x+1),\;\; \text{or}\;\;y= -x-1+(2 n+1) \pi-\arcsin(x+1), where n n is any integer number. Notice that both formulas define continuous function on the interval [ 2 , 0 ] . [-2, 0].

It is easy to check that the first of these two formulas won't never satisfy the condition that f ( 1 ) = 2019 π . f(-1)= 2019 \pi. Then we need to use the second formula and from this condition, we obtain that the n = 1009. n=1009. Therefore, f ( x ) = x 1 + ( 2019 ) π arcsin ( x + 1 ) , f(x)=-x-1+(2019) \pi-\arcsin(x+1), and then 100 f ( 0.5 ) = 634185 . \lfloor 100f(-0.5)\rfloor= \boxed{634185}.

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