A B C D = = = = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + ⋯ 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 4 2 2 × 2 2 + 2 × 2 2 + 2 + 2 × ⋯ 2 4 − 3 4 + 5 4 − 7 4 + 9 4 − ⋯ 3 + 2 × 3 × 4 4 − 4 × 5 × 6 4 + 6 × 7 × 8 4 − 8 × 9 × 1 0 4 + ⋯
Which option/s is/are equal to π ?
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A = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + ⋱ 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 4 = π . See reference (I can't prove this.)
From cos x = 2 cos 2 2 x − 1 ⟹ cos 2 x = 2 1 + cos x ⟹ cos 4 x = 2 1 + cos 2 x = 2 1 + 2 1 2 1 + cos x ⟹ cos 8 x = 2 1 + 2 1 2 1 + 2 1 2 1 + cos x , ⋯
For x = 4 π , cos 4 π = 2 2 , cos 8 π = 2 2 + 2 , cos 1 6 π = 2 2 + 2 + 2 , cos 3 2 π = 2 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 , ⋯
Therefore,
B 2 ⟹ B = 2 2 × 2 2 + 2 × 2 2 + 2 + 2 × ⋯ = cos 4 π cos 8 π cos 1 6 π cos 3 2 π ⋯ = n → ∞ lim k = 2 ∏ n cos 2 k π = n → ∞ lim k = 2 ∏ n − 1 cos 2 k π × sin 2 n π sin 2 n π cos 2 n π = n → ∞ lim k = 2 ∏ n − 1 cos 2 k π × 2 sin 2 n π sin 2 n − 1 π = n → ∞ lim k = 2 ∏ n − 2 cos 2 k π × 2 sin 2 n π sin 2 n − 1 π cos 2 n − 1 π = n → ∞ lim k = 2 ∏ n − 2 cos 2 k π × 4 sin 2 n π sin 2 n − 2 π = n → ∞ lim 2 n − 1 sin 2 n π sin 2 π = n → ∞ lim 2 n sin 2 n π 2 = n → ∞ lim 2 n sin 2 n π = n → ∞ lim π ⋅ 2 n π sin 2 n π = π
By Maclaurin series , we have:
tan − 1 x ⟹ 4 π ⟹ C = x − 3 x 3 + 5 x 5 − 7 x 7 + 9 x 9 − ⋯ = 1 − 3 1 + 5 1 − 7 1 + 9 1 − ⋯ = 4 C = π Putting x = 1
D = 3 + 2 × 3 × 4 4 − 4 × 5 × 6 4 + 6 × 7 × 8 4 − 8 × 9 × 1 0 4 + ⋯ = 3 + 2 2 − 3 4 + 4 2 − 4 2 + 5 4 − 6 2 + 6 2 − 7 4 + 8 2 − 8 2 + 9 4 − 1 0 2 + ⋯ = 4 − 3 4 + 5 4 − 7 4 + 9 4 − ⋯ = C = π By partial fraction decomposition
Therefore, A = B = C = D = π . Answer: All of these choices.