If the integral above can be expressed in the form , where and are positive integers, find .
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So this is one of misconceptions on trigonometry. The range of arcsin is [ − π / 2 , π / 2 ] , and the range of arccos is [ 0 , π ] . For example, arcsin ( sin x ) = x if x ∈ [ − π / 2 , π / 2 ] . Otherwise, we need to derive something. For − π / 2 ≤ x ≤ π , we know that sin x = sin ( π − x ) , where π − x ∈ [ − π / 2 , π / 2 ] . It means that for this case, arcsin ( sin x ) = π − x . Similarly, for − π ≤ x ≤ − π / 2 , we have arcsin ( sin x ) = − π − x . With the same trick, we have arccos ( cos x ) = x if x ∈ [ 0 , π ] , and arccos ( cos x ) = − x if x ∈ [ − π , 0 ] .
The hard parts are two other functions, arccos ( sin x ) and arcsin ( cos x ) . For the first one, if − π ≤ x ≤ − π / 2 , we have sin x = cos ( π / 2 − x ) = cos ( x − π / 2 ) = cos ( x + 3 π / 2 ) , where x + 3 π / 2 ∈ [ π / 2 , π ] . So we have that arccos ( sin x ) = x + 3 π / 2 . I won't do for every interval, because it is kind of messy stuff. Here's a conclusion:
F u n c t i o n arcsin ( sin x ) arccos ( cos c ) arcsin ( cos x ) arccos ( sin x ) [ − π , − π / 2 ] − x − π − x x + π / 2 x + 3 π / 2 [ − π / 2 , 0 ] x − x x + π / 2 − x + π / 2 [ 0 , π / 2 ] x x − x + π / 2 − x + π / 2 [ π / 2 , π ] − x + π x − x + π / 2 x − π / 2
If we denote the integrand function by F ( x ) , we get
F ( x ) = ⎩ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎧ x 4 + 3 π x 3 + 4 1 1 π 2 x 2 + 4 3 π 3 x x 4 − 4 π 2 x 2 x 4 − π x 3 + 4 π 2 x 2 x 4 − 2 π x 3 + 4 5 π 2 x 2 − 4 π 3 x − π ≤ x < − 2 π , − 2 π ≤ x < 0 , 0 ≤ x < 2 π , 2 π ≤ x ≤ π .
Integrate each parts and combine them, then the integral equals 2 4 0 π 5 . Thus the answer is 5 2 4 0 = 4 8 .