Other than the trivial solution of , is there any other roots for the equation , where is a complex number ?
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Let z = a + b i be any complex number such that:
s i n ( z ) = z ⇒ 2 i e i z − e − i z = a + b i ⇒ 2 i e i ( a + b i ) − e − i ( a + b i ) = a + b i ⇒ e − b ⋅ e i a − e b ⋅ e − i a = 2 i ⋅ ( a + b i )
or finally, e − b ⋅ ( c o s ( a ) + i s i n ( a ) ) − e b ⋅ ( c o s ( a ) − i s i n ( a ) ) = − 2 b + 2 a i . Setting the real and the imaginary parts equal to each other now yields:
REAL: ( e − b − e b ) ⋅ c o s ( a ) = − 2 b ⇒ − 2 ⋅ s i n h ( b ) c o s ( a ) = − 2 b ⇒ s i n h ( b ) c o s ( a ) = b ;
IMAGINARY: ( e − b + e b ) ⋅ s i n ( a ) = 2 a ⇒ 2 ⋅ c o s h ( b ) s i n ( a ) = 2 a ⇒ c o s h ( b ) s i n ( a ) = a .
Knowing that c o s ( a ) , s i n ( a ) ∈ [ − 1 , 1 ] for all a , we now express:
c o s ( a ) = s i n h ( b ) b ⇒ − 1 ≤ s i n h ( b ) b ≤ 1 ⇒ − s i n h ( b ) ≤ b ≤ s i n h ( b ) ;
s i n ( a ) = c o s h ( b ) a ⇒ − 1 ≤ c o s h ( b ) a ≤ 1 ⇒ − c o s h ( b ) ≤ a ≤ c o s h ( b ) .
The first inequality pair is satisfied iff b ≥ 0 . For every non-negative value of b that is substituted into the second inequality pair, there exists at least one value of a ∈ [ − c o s h ( b ) , c o s h ( b ) ] that satisfies s i n ( a + b i ) = a + b i other than the trivial solution z = 0 .