Zop Stretching My Hyperbola!

Calculus Level 3

Suppose a device called a zop can constantly measure the distance to a curve along the direction opposite to the direction that it is facing. Let θ , \theta, in radians, as measured counterclockwise from the horizontal (just like a standard polar coordinate system that treats the zop as the origin), represent the direction the zop is facing. Suppose the zop rotates at a constant rate in the counterclockwise direction so that it goes from facing in the direction of an initial angle θ = π 8 \theta = \frac{\pi}{8} to a final angle θ = π 2 \theta = \frac{\pi}{2} in 3 π 8 \frac{3\pi}{8} seconds. At the same time, the zop remains in motion so that it always finds itself at the upper focus of a hyperbola that is constantly being stretched in a way such that its equation always obeys x 2 + y 2 = 1 + x 2 sec 2 θ x^2+y^2=1+x^2\sec^2{\theta} . If one were to take distances the zop measures from itself to the hyperbola at equally spaced points in time across the time interval and take their average, then as the number of points sampled approaches infinity, the average distance approaches p q π cot π r 1 s , \frac{p}{q\pi}\cot\frac{\pi}{r}-\frac{1}{s}, where p , q , r , s p,q,r,s are integers, and p p and q q are coprime. Express your answer as p + q + r + s . p+q+r+s.


The answer is 17.

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1 solution

Carsten Meyer
Apr 22, 2021

A hyperbola in standard form y 2 a 2 x 2 b 2 = 1 \frac{y^2}{a^2}-\frac{x^2}{b^2}=1 has its focus points at F 1 , 2 = ( 0 , ± a 2 + b 2 ) F_{1,2} = (0,\:\pm\sqrt{a^2+b^2}) . We find the standard form of the given hyperbola H H with sec θ = 1 cos θ \sec\theta=\frac{1}{\cos\theta} : H : 1 = y 2 + x 2 x 2 sec 2 θ = y 2 x 2 tan 2 θ = y 2 1 2 x 2 ctg 2 θ F 1 , 2 : ( 0 ; ± 1 + ctg 2 θ ) = ( 0 ; ± 1 sin θ ) \begin{aligned} H: && 1&=y^2+x^2 - x^2\sec^2\theta = y^2 - x^2\tan^2\theta = \frac{y^2}{1^2} - \frac{x^2}{\ctg^2\theta}&&&\Rightarrow &&&& F_{1,2}:\: \left( 0;\:\pm\sqrt{1+\ctg^2\theta} \right)=\left( 0;\:\pm\frac{1}{|\sin\theta|} \right) \end{aligned} In the given domain θ [ π 8 ; π 2 ] = : D \theta\in \left[\frac{\pi}{8};\:\frac{\pi}{2}\right]=:D , sine is non-negative so we may omit the absolute values. The zop looks backwards from its position on one of the focus points towards the branches of the hyperbola. Considering it is rotated by θ \theta counter-clockwise, the point x \vec{x} it sees has to satisfy the equation x = F 1 , 2 r ( cos θ sin θ ) ! H , r > 0 1 = ! ( ± 1 sin θ r sin θ ) 2 ( r cos θ ) 2 tan 2 θ = 1 sin 2 θ 2 r \begin{aligned} \vec{x}&=\vec{F}_{1,2}-r\begin{pmatrix}\cos\theta\\\sin\theta\end{pmatrix}\overset{!}{\in}H,& r&>0 &&&\Rightarrow &&&& 1&\overset{!}{=}\left( \frac{\pm 1}{\sin\theta} - r\sin\theta \right)^2-(-r\cos\theta)^2\tan^2\theta = \frac{1}{\sin^2\theta}\mp 2r \end{aligned} Only the first solution leads to r > 0 r>0 , so the zop must sit on the upper focus. The distance between the zop and the point x \vec{x} it sees is r = 1 2 ( 1 sin 2 θ 1 ) = : f ( θ ) r = \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{\sin^2\theta} -1\right)=:f(\theta) As we take N N equidistant samples with step size Δ θ = 3 π 8 N \Delta\theta=\frac{3\pi}{8N} of this distance f ( θ ) f(\theta) and take the mean m m , we actually compute Riemann Sums of f ( θ ) f(\theta) : m = 1 N k = 0 N 1 f ( π 8 + 3 π 8 k N ) = 8 3 π k = 0 N 1 f ( π 8 + 3 π 8 k N ) Δ θ N 8 3 π D f ( θ ) d θ = 4 3 π [ ctg θ θ ] π 8 π 2 = 4 3 π ctg ( π 8 ) 1 2 m=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{k=0}^{N-1}f\left( \frac{\pi}{8} + \frac{3\pi}{8}\cdot\frac{k}{N} \right)=\frac{8}{3\pi}\sum_{k=0}^{N-1}f\left( \frac{\pi}{8} + \frac{3\pi}{8}\cdot\frac{k}{N} \right)\Delta\theta\quad \underset{N\rightarrow\infty}{\rightarrow}{\quad}\frac{8}{3\pi} \int_Df(\theta)\:d\theta =\frac{4}{3\pi}\left[ \ctg\theta-\theta \right]_{\frac{\pi}{8}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}=\frac{4}{3\pi}\ctg\left( \frac{\pi}{8} \right)-\frac{1}{2} The answer is p + q + r + s = 4 + 3 + 8 + 2 = 17 p+q+r+s=4+3+8+2=\boxed{17}

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