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We basically have to prove that,n=2∑nn21<1Motivation of proof:,the first idea that struck me was the use of telescoping series,if i could write,n21<something and write,(n−1)21<another something,and when we add the terms of L.H.S we would get the required expression and when we add the terms of the R.H.S we would get a telescoping series.The next thing that came to my mind was that,n2>(n)(n−1)(we have taken the greater than sign as then when we take the reciprocal the sign would get reversed),since (n)(n−1)1=n−11−n1,and we would get a telescoping series like this,
221<11−21321<21−31...n21<n−11−n1adding,we get:n=2∑nn21<1−n1<1.Hence proved.And done!
@Calvin Lin
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@Calvin Lin Oops, although Induction is tempting at first look, it isn't the best way to go about. I haven't found an inductive proof yet 😕.
from the basel problem we get n=1∑∞(n21)=6π2<2. although this is probably not intended, but still works as a good proof. we prove the basel proble:
Euler's original derivation of the value 6π2 essentially extended observations about finite polynomials and assumed that these same properties hold true for infinite series.
recall the Taylor series expansion of the sine function
sin(x)=x−3!x3+5!x5−7!x7+⋯.
Dividing through by x, we have
xsin(x)=1−3!x2+5!x4−7!x6+⋯.
Using the Weierstrass factorization theorem, it can also be shown that the left-hand side is the product of linear factors given by its roots, just as we do for finite polynomials
xsin(x)=(1−πx)(1+πx)(1−2πx)(1+2πx)(1−3πx)(1+3πx)⋯=(1−π2x2)(1−4π2x2)(1−9π2x2)⋯.
If we formally multiply out this product and collect all the x2 terms (we are allowed to do so because of Newton's identities), we see that the x2 coefficient of sin(x)/x is
−(π21+4π21+9π21+⋯)=−π21n=1∑∞n21.
But from the original infinite series expansion of sin(x)/x, the coefficient of x2 is −1/(3!) = −1/6. These two coefficients must be equal; thus,
−61=−π21n=1∑∞n21.
Multiplying through both sides of this equation by −π2 gives the sum of the reciprocals of the positive square integers.
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This discussion board is a place to discuss our Daily Challenges and the math and science related to those challenges. Explanations are more than just a solution — they should explain the steps and thinking strategies that you used to obtain the solution. Comments should further the discussion of math and science.
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to ensure proper formatting.2 \times 3
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We basically have to prove that,n=2∑nn21<1 Motivation of proof:,the first idea that struck me was the use of telescoping series,if i could write,n21<something and write,(n−1)21<another something,and when we add the terms of L.H.S we would get the required expression and when we add the terms of the R.H.S we would get a telescoping series.The next thing that came to my mind was that,n2>(n)(n−1)(we have taken the greater than sign as then when we take the reciprocal the sign would get reversed),since (n)(n−1)1=n−11−n1,and we would get a telescoping series like this, 221<11−21321<21−31...n21<n−11−n1adding,we get:n=2∑nn21<1−n1<1.Hence proved.And done!
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I like your motivations haha :P
From where you got this motivation ?
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I am sorry but i don't understand the meaning of your comment.Could you please explain?
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Well, yours is the simplest way. For the sake of mentioning, one can also write a proof by induction for this.
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How do you do a proof by induction (that is fundamentally different from his approach)?
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@Calvin Lin Oops, although Induction is tempting at first look, it isn't the best way to go about. I haven't found an inductive proof yet 😕.
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n≥2,
Right. The inductive proof that I know, is to show that fori=1∑ni21<2−n1.
This is similar to what Adarsh did.
from the basel problem we get n=1∑∞(n21)=6π2<2. although this is probably not intended, but still works as a good proof. we prove the basel proble: Euler's original derivation of the value 6π2 essentially extended observations about finite polynomials and assumed that these same properties hold true for infinite series.
recall the Taylor series expansion of the sine function
sin(x)=x−3!x3+5!x5−7!x7+⋯. Dividing through by x, we have
xsin(x)=1−3!x2+5!x4−7!x6+⋯. Using the Weierstrass factorization theorem, it can also be shown that the left-hand side is the product of linear factors given by its roots, just as we do for finite polynomials
xsin(x)=(1−πx)(1+πx)(1−2πx)(1+2πx)(1−3πx)(1+3πx)⋯=(1−π2x2)(1−4π2x2)(1−9π2x2)⋯. If we formally multiply out this product and collect all the x2 terms (we are allowed to do so because of Newton's identities), we see that the x2 coefficient of sin(x)/x is
−(π21+4π21+9π21+⋯)=−π21n=1∑∞n21. But from the original infinite series expansion of sin(x)/x, the coefficient of x2 is −1/(3!) = −1/6. These two coefficients must be equal; thus,
−61=−π21n=1∑∞n21. Multiplying through both sides of this equation by −π2 gives the sum of the reciprocals of the positive square integers.
n=1∑∞n21=6π2.
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You are right,it wasn't intended but if you write this,you are expected to prove it too.
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fine
Thanks a lot for adding the proof!
Isn't this reimann zeta(2)? Then the value will be 1.64 only.
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Yes,it is but that isn't the intended proof,or else you will have to prove how you found the value of ζ(2).
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Oh so that's why proof! Btw my method was just like yours