ACID - Nicole Ling

Acids ~ The word ‘Acid’ came from Latin word ‘Acidus or Acere’ which means sour.

~Sour taste is the most common characteristic of acid. ~ Acid turns blue litmus paper red. There are many substances which contain acid and hence taste sour, such as curd, tamarind, lemon, etc.

                                                Types of Acid

Natural Acid
~ Acids which are obtained from natural sources are called natural acid or organic acid.

Name of Acid Source Acetic acid Vinegar Ascorbic acid Amla Guava Citric acid Lemon Lactic acid Sour milk Methanoic acid Ant sting

Mineral Acids ~ Acids that prepare from mineral are known as mineral acids, inorganic acids, man-made acids or synthetic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, etc.

                                  Reaction of acids with metal:

Acids give hydrogen gas along with respective salt when they react with a metal.

METAL + ACID ------> SALT + HYDROGEN GAS

EXAMPLE:

~Hydrogen gas and zinc chloride are formed when hydrochloric acid reacts with zinc metal.

Zn + 2HCl -------> ZnCl2 + H2

                                                               QUIZ

Which of the following gives the correct increasing order of acidic strength?

(a) Water < Acetic acid < Hydrochloric acid

(b) Water < Hydrochloric acid < Acetic acid

(d) Hydrochloric acid < Water < Acetic acid

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Comments

Here's a bit of background context to acids and bases. Hope it won't be too long. ^^

So, let's start with water... If you leave water by itself, what might happen?

Maybe a water molecule comes and takes a hydrogen proton from another water molecule? Let me say that in another way...

2H $_2$ O $\iff$ H $_3$ O $^+$ + $^-$ OH

There is some probability of this happening (i.e. H $_2$ O disassociating itself into H $_3$ O $^+$ and $^-$ OH) and so scientists tend to take the [H $^+$ ] or [ $^-$ OH] concentrations of aqueous solutions and take the $\ -log_{10} [H^+] and [^-OH]$ and call them pH and pOH respectively.

Generally speaking, in chemistry, whenever you see a p in front of something, it means the $\ - log_{10}$ of that something. Also on a side note, the [H $^+$ ] concentration of water at 25 $^ \circ$ celsius is 10 $^{-7}$ and take the pH of that and you get 7.

And so, scientists care about what happens if something has a high H $^+$ concentration and less $^-$ OH concentration and vice versa. Hence, we have a name for these and the name is... acids and bases!

Just to overcomplicate your life a little bit more (rofl), there are multiple definitions of acids and bases.

They are...

Arrhenius $\Rightarrow$ Acids increase [H $^+$ ] in water and lower [ $^-$ OH] concentrations and bases vice versa.

For example, HCl + H $_2$ O $\rightarrow$ H $_3$ O $^+$ + Cl $^-$ and hydrochloric acid (or hydrogen chloride in aqueous solution) is a very strong acid (strong isn't just some nice word they use in chemistry, it literally means strong)... It completely disassociates itself, and notice the reaction was just one way. Not one of those wishy-washy equilibrium reactions, actually there is some small probability that it will go the other way but that's going into quantum mechanics.

Some examples of strong acids include HBr (Hydrogen bromide in aqueous solution or hydrobromic acid), HI (Hydriodic acid), HNO $_3$ (Nitric acid), H $_2$ SO $_4$ (Sulfuric acid), HClO $_4$ .

Brønsted-Lowry $\Rightarrow$ Acid is a proton donor and a base is proton acceptor. I encourage you to check above, was HCl "donating" a H $^+$ , and you will most likely say yes! This is just a broader definition. So all of Arrhenius acids and bases could also be Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases. Arrhenius acids deal with water and [H $^+$ ] concentration, but not all acids are like that.

For example, NH $_3$ + H $_2$ O $\rightarrow$ NH $_4$ OH, this donated a proton and it had nothing to do with water or [H $^+$ ] concentrations.

Lewis $\Rightarrow$ The broadest definition, acid is an electron pair acceptor and a base is an electron pair donor. This definition is kinda squishy but, those examples above are considered a Lewis acid.

Example of a Lewis acid which is not a Brønsted-Lowry acid or an Arrhenius acid.

BF $_3$ + F $^-$ $\rightarrow$ BF $_4$ , I know this doesn't make much sense but the boron trifluoride accepts an electron pair from the fluorine anion. Hence, BF $_3$ is a Lewis acid and F $^-$ is a Lewis base.

You'll come across mainly Arrhenius acids and bases in general chemistry, and that definition in my mind, is the easiest one to contemplate. Brønsted-Lowry acids/bases generally comes a lot in organic chemistry and Lewis acids/bases typically come in inorganic chemistry.

I was hoping it would be short but, oh well... I'm sorry, I got carried away.

Hope this is useful!~ ^^

Vishnuram Leonardodavinci - 7 years, 4 months ago

Thanks ! Your additional notes is very useful!! :)

Nicole Ling - 7 years, 4 months ago

My pleasure. ^^ Glad they're useful!

I did this at 2:00-3:00 am, so I thought I might clarify some parts. Sorry in advance if you got confused. 0_o

Anyways, the [H $^+$ ] concentration in H $_2$ O at 25 $^\circ$ is 10 $^{-7}\mathrm{M}$ . That is $\mathrm{\frac {mol}{Litre}}$ . Meaning, for every 1Litre of water, there is 10 $^{-7}$ moles of [H $^+$ ] in the solution.

Also, HClO $_3$ is perchloric acid, which is an inorganic compound. Hope that clears some "future" doubts up. ^^

Check out this acid called Carborane (HCB11Cl11) which has a ph level of -31. It has to be stored a special comtainers lined with Teflon to prevent it from melting the glass.

Venture HI - 7 years, 4 months ago

Here is an interesting video on the chemistry of chili sauce!!! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2DJN0gnuI8

Venture HI - 7 years, 3 months ago

A is the answer.

Scheiße Marañon - 7 years, 4 months ago

yes. it's. :)

A is correct

Ali Ahmed - 7 years, 4 months ago

A is right

Arkalekha Neogi - 7 years, 4 months ago

a is the ans

manish tiwari - 7 years, 4 months ago

Math	Appears as
Remember to wrap math in `\(` ... `\)` or `\[` ... `\]` to ensure proper formatting.
`2 \times 3`	$2 \times 3$
`2^{34}`	$2^{34}$
`a_{i-1}`	$a_{i-1}$
`\frac{2}{3}`	$\frac{2}{3}$
`\sqrt{2}`	$\sqrt{2}$
`\sum_{i=1}^3`	$\sum_{i=1}^3$
`\sin \theta`	$\sin \theta$
`\boxed{123}`	$\boxed{123}$