Algebra Mania!

Hello, I propose this problem to the Brilliant community. Hope you enjoy it! This problem was one of the questions in Olympiads.

What is the remainder obtained of the long division $\large \dfrac{x^{81}+x^{49}+x^{25}+x^{9}+x}{x^3-x}$?

#Algebra

Easy Math Editor

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Comments

One way to solve this is to simplify by the common factor x first, and then to use algebraic long division in a faster way ( " +...+ " after recognising the repetitive parts):

$\frac {x^{80}+x^{48}+x^{24}+x^8+1}{x^2 - 1} = x^{78}+x^{76}+...+x^{48}+2x^{46}+2x^{44}+...+2x^{24}+3x^{22}+3x^{20}+...+3x^8+4x^6+4x^4+4x^2+4+ \frac { \boxed {5} }{x^2-1}$

Zee Ell - 4 years, 9 months ago

How to find that 1 will be the coefficient for this much time or 4 will be there for only few numbers and lastly 5 will come... I mean can you explain the pattern a bit more clearly...

Puneet Pinku - 4 years, 9 months ago

For the algebraic (or polynomial) long division method in general, you can find many notes, videos etc. on the Internet (e.g. https://brilliant.org/wiki/polynomial-division/ or https://revisionmaths.com/advanced-level-maths-revision/pure-maths/algebra/algebraic-long-division ).

Just follow the method in the case of this division and you will see. (The coefficient increases at some points, because you will have the same powers of x from your remainder (at the previous step) and you also have an original term there (e.g. $x^{48 }+ x^{48} = 2x^{46}$

Zee Ell - 4 years, 9 months ago

@Zee Ell – Did you perform the whole long division or somehow you analyzed and figured out the coefficients??? I recently found a new method to solve it..... I will be posting it as question.....

Puneet Pinku - 4 years, 9 months ago

@Puneet Pinku – I started the whole, but jumped to the key points (where the remainders "got company" from the original polynomial) after recognising the pattern. With further analysis, the process can be shortened even further.

Zee Ell - 4 years, 9 months ago

We see that after dividing by $x$ , we have the expression

$\frac{x^{80}+x^{48}+x^{24}+x^8+1}{(x+1)(x-1)}$

Now consider

$\frac{x^{80}+x^{48}+x^{24}+x^8+1}{(x+1)(x-1)}-\frac{5}{(x+1)(x-1)}$

$=\frac{x^{80}+x^{48}+x^{24}+x^8-4}{(x+1)(x-1)}$

We see that $x-1$ and $x+1$ are factors of $x^{80}+x^{48}+x^{24}+x^8-4$ by the factor theorem as 1 and -1 are roots of this polynomial. Hence we can write

$\frac{x^{80}+x^{48}+x^{24}+x^8-4}{(x+1)(x-1)}=\frac{x^{80}+x^{48}+x^{24}+x^8+1}{(x+1)(x-1)}-\frac{5}{(x+1)(x-1)}=p(x)+\frac{0}{(x+1)(x-1)}$

For some polynomial $p(x)$

Therefore

$\frac{x^{80}+x^{48}+x^{24}+x^8+1}{(x+1)(x-1)}=p(x)+\frac{5}{(x+1)(x-1)}$ .

Jihoon Kang - 4 years, 9 months ago

Can you just point out the mistake in my solution:

Let the remainder be r(x)=(Ax^2+Bx+C).

let P(x) be the polynomial on the numerator.

P(x)=(x^3-x)g(x)+r(x)

setting x=0,

P(0)=r(0)=C

or,C=0...................(1)

setting x=1,

P(1)=r(1)=A+B

or,A+B=5................(2)

setting x=-1,

P(-1)=r(-1)=A-B

or,A-B=-5..................(3)

Solving (1),(2),and (3), we get A=C=0,and B=5.

So, remainder=5x (ans)

Rakhi Bhattacharyya - 4 years, 4 months ago

The problem is, that x cannot be 0. That would make the denominator of the fraction zero (division by zero).

Zee Ell - 4 years, 4 months ago

Math	Appears as
Remember to wrap math in `\(` ... `\)` or `\[` ... `\]` to ensure proper formatting.
`2 \times 3`	$2 \times 3$
`2^{34}`	$2^{34}$
`a_{i-1}`	$a_{i-1}$
`\frac{2}{3}`	$\frac{2}{3}$
`\sqrt{2}`	$\sqrt{2}$
`\sum_{i=1}^3`	$\sum_{i=1}^3$
`\sin \theta`	$\sin \theta$
`\boxed{123}`	$\boxed{123}$