Complex Exponentiation is Complex

Let's say we want to evaluate

(1)iii=(aa)π. \frac{ (-1) ^ {-i} } { i ^ i } = ( a \sqrt{a} ) ^ \pi.

What are wrong with the following methods?


3rd Method:

Raise both sides to the power of 4

((1)4)i(i4)i=a6π \large \frac { ((-1)^4)^{-i}}{(i^4)^i} = a^{6\pi} , then 1i1i=1=a6π \frac {1^{-i}}{1^i} = 1 = a^{6\pi}

With that, we have a=1a = 1


4th method:

Raise both sides to the power of 3

((1)3)i(i3)i=((1)1)i(i)i=(1)i(i)i=(1i)i=(i)i=a9π/2 \large \frac { ((-1)^3)^{-i}}{(i^3)^{i}} = \frac {((-1)^{-1})^{i}} {(-i)^i } = \frac {(-1)^i}{(-i)^i} = \left ( \frac 1i \right )^i = (-i)^i = a^{9\pi /2}

(i)i=a9π/2 (-i)^{-i} = a^{-9\pi /2} or eπ/2=a9π/2 e^{-\pi /2} = a^{-9\pi /2} , then a=e1/9a = e^{1/9} .


5th Method:

Raise both sides to the power of 5

((1)5)i(i5)i=a15π/2 \large \frac { ((-1)^5)^{-i}}{(i^5)^i} = a^{15\pi /2}

(1)iii=(1i)i=ii=eπ/2=a15π/2 \large \frac {(-1)^{-i}}{i^i} = \left ( \frac {-1}{i} \right )^i = i^i = e^{-\pi /2} = a^{15\pi /2}

a=e1/15a = e^{-1/15} .


6th Method:

Take square root to both sides of the equation, with numerator of fraction becomes (1)i/2=(1)i=ii (-1)^{-i/2} = ( \sqrt{-1} )^{-i} = i^{-i}

iiii/2=a3π/4 \large \frac {i^{-i} }{i^{i/2}} = a^{3\pi /4}

i3π/2=a3π/4 i^{-3\pi /2} = a^{3\pi /4}

i1=a1/2 i^{-1} = a^{1/2}

i=a1/2 -i = a^{1/2}

a=(i)2=1 a = (-i)^2 = -1 .


7th Method:

Knowing that i2=1i^2 = -1 , we could have (1)i=ii/2 (-1)^{-i} = i^{-i/2}

ii/2ii=i3i/2=a3π/2 \large \frac { i^{-i/2} }{ i^i} = i^{-3i/2} = a^{3\pi /2}

ii=aπ,ii=aπ,eπ/2=aπ i^{-i} = a^\pi, i^i = a^{-\pi}, e^{-\pi /2} = a^{-\pi}

a=e2 a = e^2 .


8th Method:

Knowing that i2=1i^2 = -1 , we could have ii=(1)i/2 i^i = (-1)^{i/2}

(1)i(1)i/2=(1)3i/2=a3π/2 \large \frac {(-1)^{-i} }{(-1)^{i/2}} = (-1)^{-3i/2} = a^{3\pi /2}

(1)i=aπ (-1)^{i} = a^{\pi}

(eiπ)i=aπ (e^{i \pi} )^{i} = a^\pi

a=ei2=e1 a = e^{i^2} = e^{-1} .


9th Method:

Like the 8th Method

(1)i=aπ (-1)^{i} = a^{\pi}

ii/2=aπ i^{i/2} = a^{\pi}

ii=a2π i^i = a^{2 \pi}

eπ/2=a2π e^{-\pi /2} = a^{2 \pi}

a=e1/4 a = e^{-1/4} .


Original problem. See the first 2 methods there.

#Algebra

Note by Calvin Lin
6 years, 1 month ago

No vote yet
1 vote

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Comments

(eiπ)i=aπ(e^{i\pi})^i=a^{-\pi}

a=e\Rightarrow a=e

But:

(eiπ)i=(e3iπ)i=aπ(e^{i\pi})^i=(e^{3i\pi})^i=a^{-\pi}

a=e3\Rightarrow a=e^{3}

e=e3\Rightarrow e=e^{3}

Raghav Vaidyanathan - 6 years, 1 month ago

All of the examples involve complex exponentiation of negative numbers, or, in the general case, complex exponentiation of complex numbers, which can have an infinity of values instead of an unique one. Consequently, we can't rely on ordinary identities and algebraic properties of exponentiation, as for example

(ab)c=(ac)b{ \left( { a }^{ b } \right) }^{ c }={ { \left( { a }^{ c } \right) } }^{ b }

is not true if a=1a=-1, b=3b=3, c=ic=i.

Is there a "correct" answer to this? Outside of convention, no. This infinitude of values is an inherent property of complex exponentiation of complex numbers. So, special care has to be taken to avoid running into a multitude of "fallacies" as given above.

Michael Mendrin - 6 years, 1 month ago

Sir, in the method 3, you can't just raise any power to 2m. for eg. x^2=(-x)^2. You will be including roots of both positive and negative functions. I hope I am right. If wrong please do correct me.

Aditya Kumar - 6 years, 1 month ago

In method 6,you have made calculation mistake in step 3

Akhil Bansal - 5 years, 11 months ago
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