How to find trigonometric values that = radical values?
I have always hoped to rearrange a trigonometric expression into another expression without trigonometric functions. For example, it is common known that \(\sin 60^\circ =\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\), but what about other ones?
I have found some already (below) and I wish to find more as this may be helpful when I am to simplify an expression.
instructions
If you find any typos or improvements comment under my comment that reads: report
The angles I am looking for are integers in range [0∘,180∘].
Please do not comment straight away as things will get messy.
If you have found a new solution, comment under my comment below this note in format:
<equation>
<proof———>
The Transformation table
Resolution found
Formulae used: (1)sin(π−A)=sinA,cos(π−A)=−cosA,tan(π−A)=−tanA. (2)sin2A+cos2A=1,tanA=cosAsinA. (3)sin(2π+A)=cosA,cos(2π+A)=−sinA. (4)sin2A=2sinAcosA. (5)cos2A=cos2A−sin2A=2cos2A−1=1−2sin2A. (6)tan2A=1−tan2A2tanA.
Table 1: integer values in degrees:
angle θ in degrees
sinθ
cosθ
tanθ
Proof
15∘
46−2
46+2
2−3
The figure explains everything. In the figure, note that △ACD is isosceles, so ∠ADB=15∘.
18∘
45−1
410+25
525−105
We can draw a regular pentagon as follows: Let AB=1. From symmetry and some algebra, we get AC=BC=45+1=ϕ and AD=BD=1. Then apply the Pythagorean Theorem on the triangle. Calculations should be tedious but we can arrive at the result. Or we can do this: ∵cos18∘>0,∴cos18∘=1−sin218∘=1−16(5−25+1)the complete square formula helps=1610+25=410+25. It is still a tedious job to calculate tan18∘ though.
20∘
We must use triple angle identities to find the value of sin20∘ and cos20∘. This shall be separated into two sections. COSINEPerhaps we can try cos20∘ first as cos(3×20∘)=21. Let cos20∘=x, then 4x3−3x=21. Therefore x3−43x−81=0. So we can use the cubic formula to solve this equation. If the function has real coefficients x3+ax2+bx+c=0, then one real root would be: 3−q+r+3−q−r−3a, Where q=271a3−61ab+21c, r=q2+271(b−31a2)3. Plug in a=0,b=43,c=81 to get the result: q=161,r=2565.r=165.3−q+r+3−q−r−3a=3165−1+316−5−1=23235−1+3−5−1=−0.161092677... Check if this is the expected root. cos20∘=0.93969262..., therefore we must try another root but things get complicated. SINE Let y=sin20∘ and do the same thing. This time 3y−4y3=23. Therefore y3−43y+23=0. Again plug in the equation.
30∘
21
23
33
N/A
36∘
410−25
45+1
5−25
Use formulae (4),(5),(6) on the values of 18∘ to get the values.
45∘
22
22
1
N/A
54∘
45+1
60∘
23
21
3
N/A
72∘
45−1
75∘
46+2
46−2
2+3
Apply formula (3) and let A=15∘ to get the sine and cosine. Then we can find tangent easily.
90∘
1
0
undefined
N/A
105∘
46+2
42−6
−2−3
Use formula (1) on the values of 75∘ to get the values.
108∘
41−5
120∘
23
−21
−3
Use formula (1) on the values of 60∘ to get the values.
126∘
135∘
22
−22
−1
Use formula (1) on the values of 45∘ to get the values.
144∘
410−25
4−5−1
−5−25
Use formula (1) on the values of 36∘ to get the values.
150∘
21
−23
−33
Use formula (1) on the values of 30∘ to get the values.
162∘
45−1
−410+25
−525−105
Use formula (1) on the values of 18∘ to get the values.
165∘
46−2
4−6−2
3−2
Use formula (1) on the values of 15∘ to get the values.
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@Jason Gomez
–
It’s very nice to see it has a clear geometry approach, takes a cosine law to find ϕ and the rest is easy, but it does have the same complexity as sin36°=cos54° approach
I also knew this one before:
sin(1.5°)=282242−22+3+21+5+3(21+5)5..........[1]
Proof:
(Skipping some of the calculations)
sin5θ=(5+16sin4θ−20sin2θ)sinθ
let θ=36°(5+16sin436°−20sin236°)sin36°=sin180°=0∵sin36°=0∴5+16sin436°−20sin236°=0
let x=sin236°<0.5⇒16x2−20x+5=0⇒x=85−+5∵85+5>0.5∴x=85−5⇒sin36°=225−5⇒cos36°=223+5⇒sin6°=sin(36°−30°)=sin36°cos36°−sin30°cos36°=4215−35−3+5
Now using the identity : sin2θ=−+21−1−sin2θ
and 0<sin1.5°<sin3° we can find [1]
You can use the angle addition equations to obtain more that are multiples of 15° and 18°:
sin45°=22, cos45°=22, tan45°=1
sin60°=23, cos60°=21, tan60°=3
sin75°=42+6, cos75°=46−2, tan75°=2+3
sin90°=1, cos90°=0
sin105°=22+6, cos105°=22−6, tan105°=−2−3
sin120°=23, cos120°=−21, tan120°=−3
sin135°=22, cos135°=−22, tan135°=−1
sin150°=21, cos150°=−23, tan150°=−33
sin165°=26−2, cos165°=4−2−6, tan165°=3−2
cos36°=41+5
sin54°=41+5
cos72°=45−1
cos108°=41−5
sin126°=41+5
cos144°=4−1−5
sin162°=45−1
If you allow for radicals inside radicals, there are several more that can be obtained using half angle formulas (for example, sin22.5°=22−2)
Other angles are roots of polynomials, for example, cos(7180°) is a root of 8x3−4x2−4x+1 (see here), but this doesn't come out to a clean rational number in radical form.
@Jeff Giff
–
Best is the Newton–Raphson method it is applicable for all polynomial equations of any finite degree (mostly gives approximated value not exact)
@Zakir Husain
–
Ah yes, but again it only works for approximations :) to require precise results things get tedious :) I suppose I like Cardano’s method better :)
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Post solutions hereIf any picture isn’t functioning, tell me below this comment :)
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I don’t see any picture in this note at all?!! , I don’t even see any space for any picture, is there a picture supposed to be there for the proof
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Well in the buttons there are pics I think?
Previously I saw no pic in the first button, but now I can, but I can’t see any pic in the second button
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sin18∘ :)
You’ll also like the proof forϕ and the rest is easy, but it does have the same complexity as sin36°=cos54° approach
It’s very nice to see it has a clear geometry approach, takes a cosine law to findI also knew this one before: sin(1.5°)=282242−22+3+21+5+3(21+5)5..........[1]
Proof: (Skipping some of the calculations) sin5θ=(5+16sin4θ−20sin2θ)sinθ let θ=36° (5+16sin436°−20sin236°)sin36°=sin180°=0 ∵sin36°=0 ∴5+16sin436°−20sin236°=0 let x=sin236°<0.5 ⇒16x2−20x+5=0 ⇒x=85−+5 ∵85+5>0.5 ∴x=85−5 ⇒sin36°=225−5 ⇒cos36°=223+5 ⇒sin6°=sin(36°−30°) =sin36°cos36°−sin30°cos36° =4215−35−3+5 Now using the identity : sin2θ=−+21−1−sin2θ and 0<sin1.5°<sin3° we can find [1]
You can use the angle addition equations to obtain more that are multiples of 15° and 18°:
sin45°=22, cos45°=22, tan45°=1
sin60°=23, cos60°=21, tan60°=3
sin75°=42+6, cos75°=46−2, tan75°=2+3
sin90°=1, cos90°=0
sin105°=22+6, cos105°=22−6, tan105°=−2−3
sin120°=23, cos120°=−21, tan120°=−3
sin135°=22, cos135°=−22, tan135°=−1
sin150°=21, cos150°=−23, tan150°=−33
sin165°=26−2, cos165°=4−2−6, tan165°=3−2
cos36°=41+5
sin54°=41+5
cos72°=45−1
cos108°=41−5
sin126°=41+5
cos144°=4−1−5
sin162°=45−1
If you allow for radicals inside radicals, there are several more that can be obtained using half angle formulas (for example, sin22.5°=22−2)
Other angles are roots of polynomials, for example, cos(7180°) is a root of 8x3−4x2−4x+1 (see here), but this doesn't come out to a clean rational number in radical form.
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Could you give a hint on how to prove the cos7π part, should I be using the cos3θ formula or should I be using (e7iπ)7
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Check out this website here.
Looks like either approach could work.
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Well luckily I have a book including one tedious formula for cubic functions :D only it gives nested radicals :(
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Are you talking about The Cubic Formula?
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the cardano’s method seems better
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Newton–Raphson method it is applicable for all polynomial equations of any finite degree (mostly gives approximated value not exact)
Best is theLog in to reply
@Zakir Husain ,@Valentin Duringer ,@Vinayak Srivastava ,@David Vreken ,@Percy Jackson ,@Mahdi Raza
Check this
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Thanks!