img
The heart has a triangular shape
Its pointed end is called the apex, located on the inferior margin.
In most people, the heart is about the same size as the clenched fist, ~14 cm long and 9 cm wide.
The heart and the major blood vessels that attach to it are enclosed within a double-layered serous membrane called the pericardium.
The outer sac is called the parietal pericardium or pericardial sac.
The inner layer is called the visceral pericardium, or epicardium.Between the epicardium and the parietal pericardium is a potential space called the pericardial cavity. It contains a small amount of fluid that is secreted by serous cells of the pericardium. The fluid acts as a lubricant that reduces friction between the membranes as they glide against each other during heart activity.
If the pericardium becomes swollen, such as in the disease pericarditis, fluid production is inhibited. This decline in lubrication causes the membranes to stick together, thereby leading to severe chest pain and possibly impeding heart activity.
The wall of the heart is composed of three layers: the outermost epicardium, the middle myocardium, and the inner endocardium.
The epicardium serves as a thin protective barrier for the heart. It is a serous membrane that is firmly attached to the heart. It contains fat deposits.
The myocardium makes up the bulk of the It is composed of cardiac muscle tissue and is the layer that actually contracts to provide the propulsion of blood.
The endocardium is a smooth, white membrane forming the inner layer of the heart wall.It lines the internal spaces of the heart (the heart chambers) and covers the heart valves.
This inner heart membrane, which is also found lining the inner walls of the blood vessels, is generally known as endothelium.
The heart has four internal spaces, called chambers.
The two superior chambers are the atria (right and left), and the two inferior chambers are the ventricles (right and left ).
ATRIA :-
The right and left atria (singular form is atrium) function as receiving chambers for blood entering the heart.
They simply push blood “next door” into the ventricles.
Their walls, are quite thin and have little myocardium.
Attached to the atria are small, ear like hollow appendages, known as auricles.
The endocardium lining the atrial walls is smooth in texture, except for ridges formed by parallel bundles of underlying muscle.
The ridges are called pectinate muscles, after their similarity in appearance to the teeth of a comb.
The right and left atria are internally separated by a partition, called the interatrial septum. This partition is complete in healthy hearts.
On the posterior wall of the septum of the right atrium is an oval depression, the fossa ovalis. This is what remains of an opening that was once present in the fetal heart, in which blood was shunted from the right atrium to the left atrium in order to bypass the lungs.
In the fetus this opening is called the foramen ovale.
The right atrium collects incoming blood from the superior vena cava, which drains blood from the regions above the heart from the inferior vena cava, which drains blood from regions below the heart and from the coronary sinus, which comes from the heart wall.The left atrium collects blood from the four pulmonary veins, which drain blood from the lungs.
VENTRICLES - The right and left ventricles provide the force necessary to push blood out of the heart and into the body’s circulatory network.
Of the two ventricles, the left contains the thickest wall.
The right ventricle pushes blood to the lungs.The right and left ventricles are internally separated by a thick muscular partition called the interventricular septum.
Its position can be determined externally, for it parallels a groove in the outer surface of the heart known as the interventricular sulcus.The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk, which carries it to the lungs.
The left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta, whose branches deliver blood to all remaining areas of the body.
The valves of the heart permit blood to flow in one direction only. two types of valves in the heart: atrioventricular and semilunar.
The atrioventricular (AV) valves are located between the atria and the ventricles. The AV valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle is called the tricuspid valve.The AV valve
Between the left atrium and left ventricle is called the bicuspid valve.
The bicuspid valve is also called the mitral valve.
Their pointed ends are attached to thin strands of connective tissue, called chordae tendineae.They permit the one-way movement of blood from the atria to the ventricles.
The two semilunar valves are located between the ventricles and the two major vessels carrying blood away from the heart--the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
The SL valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk is called the pulmonary valve.and the one located between the left ventricle and the aorta is called the aortic valve. The function of the SL valves is to direct one-way flow of blood from the ventricles to the pulmonary trunk and aorta.
The wall of the heart has its own supply of blood vessels to meet its vital needs. The flow of blood through these vessels is called the coronary circulation.
Easy Math Editor
This discussion board is a place to discuss our Daily Challenges and the math and science related to those challenges. Explanations are more than just a solution — they should explain the steps and thinking strategies that you used to obtain the solution. Comments should further the discussion of math and science.
When posting on Brilliant:
*italics*
or_italics_
**bold**
or__bold__
paragraph 1
paragraph 2
[example link](https://brilliant.org)
> This is a quote
\(
...\)
or\[
...\]
to ensure proper formatting.2 \times 3
2^{34}
a_{i-1}
\frac{2}{3}
\sqrt{2}
\sum_{i=1}^3
\sin \theta
\boxed{123}
Comments
Since you have directly copied it from a Powerpoint Presentation, you must credit the source too. @sumita cardio
Log in to reply
yes yes ofcourse but no one ever shared any bio note on Brilliant so overall credit goes to me...
Log in to reply
@Krishna A R has made a right point.
Brilliant has contents about Math, Physics, Computer Science and related concepts.
When I joined this website, I wanted to post bio notes and questions, but discarded the idea due to the aforementioned reason. Similarly, there might have been many other users.
I hope you got the point
Log in to reply
Log in to reply
I didn't want to conquer anything/anyone- if you've got it in the way i meant it to be.
Regards Ritu
Log in to reply
@Ritu Roy
okay no problem i understand what you really means with respect@sumita cardio Wow! This is the first time I am seeing information on heart on Brilliant. Btw, I think you like Biology. Am I correct?
Log in to reply
Yeah, that is really great, I also saw this first time on Brilliant, this MUST be appreciated, paid attention and that was also the reason why i spent 15 minutes working on the same note...
Log in to reply
yah yah....thnx for ur attention on this note....hope this is enjoyed by all bio lovers....
yes this is because i love bio....and now i m on brilliant i will improve some bio factors on this site....u can follow me to gain more knowledge........choice is urs
Log in to reply
This is great! I'm excited to see more of the stuff that you share :)
Log in to reply
I am not interested in biology, but I think this is a nice note, I now understand how my heart works.
Log in to reply
thnxx @abdulrahman khaled .....but so sad to hear that u r not interested in biology....but now i m on brilliant so..with some of my notes i will try to increase ur intrest....
What would happen if the heart shifts toward right of its original position?
Log in to reply
Hey my friend let me tell you that the situation which you are imagining is a real situation known as dextrocardia. It is a congenital defect in which apex of heart shifts to right side. This defect is further divided.Dextrocardia is believed to occur in approximately 1 in 12,000 people.
Log in to reply
Can u explain in simple words....what is congenital defect?
Log in to reply
remind u @megh choksi that i m not a cardiologist...but on the way to become....so according to my knowledge i think the connection of arteries and veins in our cardiovascular system meets at this position due to which the supplies of Co2 out and O2 in is possible...gud to see ur curiosity..
Did you know that you can plot a heart on graph paper using the equation (x2+y2−1)3−(x2y3)
Log in to reply
woowww really....!!!if so then, can u please send me any pic of that u have made.Infact,u have to share it as a note.
Log in to reply
I got a picture of it I will try to post a note of it as soon as possible
Check this out!
Log in to reply
woow its really amazing...thnx for some new informations..good day
Edited LaTeX. Please check for accuracy.
I hope there will be biology question in brilliant
Log in to reply
@Sem David Sitanggang There are biology questions on Brilliant.
Log in to reply
Really ? Cause I have never seen one
Log in to reply
@Sem David Sitanggang
However, the bio questions are very less as most people are interested in posting Mathematical problems(including me).Log in to reply
Log in to reply
Log in to reply
Log in to reply
Log in to reply
Log in to reply
Log in to reply
Log in to reply
@Frankie Fook
yes the vibration of the molecules took place only when the object posses energy,and,in this case it posses when it falls. So,it shows the relationship@Sem David Sitanggang ......
but my thinking is different...i think both are challenging subjects in itself and what we have to do is that, we have to understand the concepts by visualising and by doing practicles...Log in to reply
Log in to reply
Log in to reply
yes @Sem David Sitanggang your hope will be possible soon...
If you want to add images, diagrams to your Note, you can use the process below:-
Write the following code, ! [ name of image ] ( link of image )
The link can be copied if it's a google image search result, and if it is something you have drawn, upload it to postimage.org and then get it's direct link from there... The image will appear in place of the code when you do this...
Log in to reply
okay thnx for your help........
Log in to reply
If you want something to appear on the next line, you have to press the Enter key twice.
I've added one diagram at the start for your reference, see the code and add any images if you have, which could make this even better and easy to visualize.
To make the information appear as points, you can add the bullet at start of each line by typing \ ( \bullet \ ), appearing as ∙.
Log in to reply
Log in to reply
@sumita cardio , done editing all the note, now see the LaTeX code for LaTeX colors and bold texts.
I'm not that good at Biology so now you please highlight the important words in the note by wrapping them like **text **
This can make the note interesting and in future try to write notes in a format that makes a user read it, avoid only information written in unsorted form. Happy Problem Solving at brilliant.
Log in to reply
@Krishna Ar Maybe our biologist have something to say here?!
Log in to reply
What do you want me to say?
Log in to reply
Some extra information!
Log in to reply
woowwwwww...!!!! @sumita cardio this is really so nice note..i guess u like biology sooooo much and your ambition is to achieve a surgeon of cardiology in future...m i right..???
Log in to reply
i think too..this is so gud..and this helps me in understanding some functions of our cardiac system.
absolutely right @rishabh agarwal........
its really interesting @sumita cardio .....u will be shock to hear that i hate biology......but after reading to your note i think that bio is such a puzzle subject in itself...but need some co-operation as u have done through this note....!!!
Log in to reply
if so...then thax a lot
eswarharikumar@gmail.com
I found something interesting about heart so posting it
The heart is the body's engine room, responsible for pumping life-sustaining blood via a 60,000-mile-long (97,000-kilometer-long) network of vessels. The organ works ceaselessly, beating 100,000 times a day, 40 million times a year—in total clocking up three billion heartbeats over an average lifetime. It keeps the body freshly supplied with oxygen and nutrients, while clearing away harmful waste matter.
The fetal heart evolves through several different stages inside the womb, first resembling a fish's heart, then a frog's, which has two chambers, then a snake's, with three, before finally adopting the four-chambered structure of the human heart.
About the size of its owner's clenched fist, the organ sits in the middle of the chest, behind the breastbone and between the lungs, in a moistened chamber that is protected all round by the rib cage. It's made up of a special kind of muscle (cardiac muscle) that works involuntarily, so we don't have to think about it. The heart speeds up or slow downs automatically in response to nerve signals from the brain that tell it how much the body is being exerted. Normally the heart contracts and relaxes between 70 and 80 times per minute, each heartbeat filling the four chambers inside with a fresh round of blood.
Log in to reply
So good,and i think u have to post this as a note except as a comment.@Naman Kapoor
Log in to reply
I can surely do that @sumita cardio
Log in to reply
@Naman Kapoor
100% sure mr.Great!!
The heart wants what it wants !
Log in to reply
the heart wants some notes on this site....and now itz me to fulfil the heart's need...@Soutrik Bandyopadhyay
Why doesn't anybody posts questions about chemistry???
Log in to reply
ohh...are u interested in chemistry..???
Log in to reply
Yup
well....sumita it's simply superb!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Log in to reply
thnxxx.......@Eswar Kumar
sumita u r fb profile name plssss
Log in to reply
give your e-mail which you have used in your fb account......i will seach u
You seem to be a biology lover. I'll be waiting for your note brain. That's because My brain like to study about itself.
Log in to reply
ohh woow that;s great..!!!
please give me your facebook id @sumita cardio
" in which blood was shunted from the right atrium to the left atrium in order to bypass the lungs." can u plz explain.