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Applying the geometric series formula:
1 ( 1 − 2 1 − 2 2 0 ) − 2 0 = 1 0 4 8 5 7 4
Also 2 0 + 2 1 + 2 2 + 2 3 + . . . + 2 n = 2 n + 1 . For this problem, you are supposed to use the fact (derived from the previous fact) that 2 1 + 2 2 + 2 3 + . . + 2 n = 2 n + 1 − 2 0 = 2 n + 1 − 1 .