n = 0 ∑ ∞ ( ∫ r n r n + 1 f ( x ) d x ) − 1 = C 1
Let r n denote the n th smallest non-negative root of f ( x ) = sin x , where r 0 = 0 . Find C .
If you believe that the sum above diverges, write your answer as zero.
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Wow, this solution is great! Honestly, I would have just recognized that the successive inverses of the areas bounded by the x -axis and f ( x ) between two roots followed a form of Leibniz's π formula . This form can be reached by multiplying the entire Leibniz series by 2 π 1 .
Thus, the answer can be reached as follows: 2 π 1 ( 4 π ) = 8 1 = C 1 ∴ C = 8
However, I recognize that you still used a similar approach, albeit more in detail, as the Taylor series for a r c t a n ( x ) is merely a generalization of the Leibniz series.
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Thank you very much, it was a good problem. You are really a good mathematician. Thank you.
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You're very welcome. You are also a great mathematician yourself. Thanks for taking the time to post a solution!
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@Jonas Katona – @Jonas Katona An AMAZING Problem!!!! Just one doubt.............could you please shed some light on the Title of the question???!! I can't figure it out........
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Possible Solution to this problem:
First of all, I wanted to determine the roots of the equation: sin x = 0
And we have:
sin x = 0 , x ∈ { sin − 1 ( 0 ) + k π ∣ k ∈ Z } , x ∈ { k π ∣ k ∈ Z }
So we get:
x ∈ { ( k π ) 2 ∣ k ∈ Z } from this we get: r k = ( k π ) 2 , k ∈ Z
Replacing k with 1,2,...,n,n+1 we get: r 0 = 0 , r 1 = π 2 , r 2 = ( 2 π ) 2 ) , . . . , r n = ( n π ) 2 , r n + 1 = [ ( n + 1 ) π ] 2
The second step I did is resolving the integral after I determined: r n , r n + 1 :
∫ r n r n + 1 f ( x ) d x = ∫ ( n π ) 2 [ ( n + 1 ) π ] 2 sin x d x = 2 ∫ ( n π ) 2 [ ( n + 1 ) π ] 2 x 2 x sin x d x Now we will make the following substitution:
x = t , 2 x 1 d x = d t for x = ( n π ) 2 , t = n π and for x = [ ( n + 1 ) π ] 2 , t = ( n + 1 ) π and we get:
2 ∫ n π ( n + 1 ) π t sin ( t ) d t = 2 ∫ n π ( n + 1 ) π t ( − cos ( t ) ) ′ d t = − 2 t cos ( t ) ∣ n π ( n + 1 ) π + 2 ∫ n π ( n + 1 ) π cos ( t ) d t =
= − 2 ( n + 1 ) π cos ( ( n + 1 ) π ) + 2 n π cos ( n π ) + 2 sin ( t ) ∣ n π ( n + 1 ) π = 2 π ( n cos ( n π ) − ( n + 1 ) π cos [ ( n + 1 ) π ] )
We also know that: c o s ( n π + π ) = cos ( n π ) c o s π − sin ( n π ) sin π = − cos ( n π )
We get that: 2 π ( n cos ( n π ) − ( n + 1 ) π cos [ ( n + 1 ) π ] ) = 2 π ( n cos ( n π ) + ( n + 1 ) cos ( n π ) ) =
= 2 π ( 2 n cos ( n π ) + cos ( n π ) ) = 2 π ( 2 n + 1 ) c o s ( n π )
After getting this, we keep in mind that: cos ( n π ) = ( − 1 ) n
Now we go back to the sum:
n = 0 ∑ ∞ ( ∫ r n r n + 1 f ( x ) d x ) − 1 = n = 0 ∑ ∞ ( 2 π ( 2 n + 1 ) ( − 1 ) n ) − 1 = 2 π 1 n = 0 ∑ ∞ 2 n + 1 ( − 1 ) n
And now the fun part:
Consider the sequence: S ( x ) = n = 0 ∑ ∞ 2 n + 1 ( − 1 ) n x 2 n + 1 = S ′ ( x ) = n = 0 ∑ ∞ ( − 1 ) n x 2 n = 1 − x 2 + x 4 − . . . = 1 + x 2 1 And so: S ( x ) = ∫ 1 + x 2 1 d x = arctan x + K S ( 0 ) = 0 , arctan 0 + K = 0 , K = 0
Going back to our first sum we replace x with 1, x = 1 and we get that: 2 π 1 n = 0 ∑ ∞ 2 n + 1 ( − 1 ) n = 2 π 1 arctan ( 1 ) = 2 π 1 4 π = 8 1
Finally: C 1 = 8 1 = > C = 8