a n + 2 = ( n + 3 ) a n + 1 − ( n + 2 ) a n
For whole numbers n , consider the recurrence relation defined as above with a 1 = 1 , a 2 = 3 .
Find ( k = 1 ∑ 2 0 1 5 a k ) ( m o d 1 0 0 ) .
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Great, fun problem (+1).
As Brian notes, we have the recursion a n = a n − 1 + n ! . Since n ! ≡ 0 ( m o d 1 0 0 ) for n ≥ 1 0 , we find that a 9 ≡ a 1 0 ≡ a 1 1 . . . ( m o d 1 0 0 ) . We can easily compute a n for n = 3 . . . 9 using the recursion a n = a n − 1 + n ! , and we have, modulo 100, k = 1 ∑ 2 0 1 5 a k ≡ 1 + 3 + 9 + 3 3 + 5 3 + 7 3 + 1 3 + 3 3 + ( 2 0 1 5 − 8 ) 1 3 ≡ 9
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Thanks! Sorry for the silly mistake; apparently I can't add and multiply properly in the wee hours of the morning. :P
I think there is an error here: k = 1 0 ∑ 2 0 1 5 a k ≡ 2 0 0 6 ⋅ 1 3 ≡ 7 8 ( m o d 1 0 0 ) .
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Thanks Jon! That explains the discrepancy between Brian's solution and mine...
Thanks, Jon. That was such a silly mistake on my part. I should stop posting problems at 2 in the morning. :P
Very nice problem, sir!!😊😊😊😊
Nice! My solution is similar. However I made use of the fact that since the values of a k are congruent mod 1 0 0 for k ≥ 1 0 , then every 1 0 0 entries after that will add up to a multiple of 1 0 0 . Hence the last 2 0 0 0 entries add to 0 ( m o d 1 0 0 ) , and we only need to find the sum of the first 1 5 numbers.
I used the following code, and it produced '9'.
Sub series_sum()
a1 = 1
a2 = 3
s = 4
For k = 1 To 2013
ak = ((k + 3) * a2 - (k + 2) * a1) Mod 100
s = (s + ak) Mod 100
a1 = a2
a2 = ak
Next k
If s < 0 Then s = s + 100
MsgBox (s)
End Sub
Python 2.7:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
|
Short but sweet. :) Thanks for posting this.
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Next time sir , please tell us that solving by using a computer is OK.
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I always prefer an analytic solution whenever possible, and in this case, as per my solution, it is; it didn't even require a calculator to solve. However, I still appreciate that Brock is always able to come up with a program.
The option to use a computer program is never forbidden on Brilliant, but for "math" problems it is generally encouraged to seek out a "math" solution, as opposed to a programming solution.
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@Brian Charlesworth – I think this kills the purpose of the problem.See computer reduces a Level 5 algebra to Level 2 Computer science problem.
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@Chandrachur Banerjee – Fair enough. If I had tagged it as Computer Science then it would be a level 2 problem, but since I tagged it as Algebra I did intend for it to be solved using algebra and not with a program. So while writing a program does "kill the purpose" of what I intended in posting the question, I'm just used to Brock coming up with programs that solve some of the problems I post and appreciate the fact that he can do that. It's been helpful on several of my probability problems where I wasn't 100% sure of my answer but he was able to confirm them via a simulation. That wasn't the case here, of course, but I don't mind seeing what he comes up with anyway. :)
By using direct calculations we can obtain that a 9 ≡ a 1 0 ≡ 1 3 ( m o d 1 0 0 ) . Then using mathematical induction we can prove that a n ≡ 1 3 ( m o d 1 0 0 ) for all n ≥ 9 . Indeed, it would be enough to prove that if a k ≡ a k + 1 ≡ 1 3 for k ≥ 9 , then a k + 2 ≡ 1 3 . This can be done by the recurrence relation: a k + 2 = ( k + 3 ) ∗ a k + 1 − ( k + 2 ) ∗ a k ≡ ≡ ( k + 3 ) ∗ 1 3 − ( k + 2 ) ∗ 1 3 ≡ 1 3 ( m o d 1 0 0 ) In the other hand we can also get by direct calculations that ∑ k = 1 8 a k ≡ 1 8 ( m o d 1 0 0 ) . Therefore k = 1 ∑ 2 0 1 5 a k ≡ 1 8 + ( 2 0 1 5 − 8 ) ∗ 1 3 ≡ 0 9 ( m o d 1 0 0 ) .
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Rewrite the recurrence as a n + 2 − a n + 1 = ( n + 2 ) ( a n + 1 − a n ) .
The letting b n = a n − a n − 1 with b 1 = 1 we have
b n + 2 = ( n + 2 ) b n + 1 for n ≥ 0 . Then
b 2 = 2 , b 3 = 3 ∗ 2 = 6 , b 4 = 4 ∗ 3 ∗ 2 = 2 4 , and in general b n = n ! .
Then a n = b n + a n − 1 = b n + b n − 1 + a n − 2 = . . . . = m = 1 ∑ n m ! .
Now for n ≥ 1 0 we have that the last two digits of n ! are 0 0 . So for 1 0 ≤ k ≤ 2 0 1 5 we have that
a k ≡ ( 1 ! + 2 ! + 3 ! + 4 ! + 5 ! + 6 ! + 7 ! + 8 ! + 9 ! ) ( m o d 1 0 0 ) ≡
( 1 + 2 + 6 + 2 4 + 2 0 + 2 0 + 4 0 + 2 0 + 8 0 ) ( m o d 1 0 0 ) = 1 3 .
So ( k = 1 0 ∑ 2 0 1 5 a k ) ( m o d 1 0 0 ) ≡ ( 2 0 0 6 ∗ 1 3 ) ( m o d 1 0 0 ) = 7 8 .
Next, ( k = 1 ∑ 9 a k ) ( m o d 1 0 0 ) ≡
( 9 ∗ 1 + 8 ∗ 2 + 7 ∗ 6 + 6 ∗ 2 4 + 5 ∗ 2 0 + 4 ∗ 2 0 + 3 ∗ 4 0 + 2 ∗ 2 0 + 1 ∗ 8 0 ) ( m o d 1 0 0 ) ≡
( 9 + 1 6 + 4 2 + 4 4 + 0 + 8 0 + 2 0 + 4 0 + 8 0 ) ( m o d 1 0 0 ) = 3 1 .
Thus the desired answer is 7 8 + 3 1 = 9 .