i 2 = 1 i^2=-1

Algebra Level 3

11 z 10 + 10 i z 9 + 10 i z 11 = 0 \large 11z^{10} + 10iz^9 +10iz -11=0

Given that a complex number z z satisfies the equation above, find z |z| .

Notations:

  • i = 1 i = \sqrt {-1} denotes the imaginary unit .
  • |\cdot| denotes the modulus or absolute value of a complex number.


The answer is 1.

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2 solutions

Claudio Brot
Jan 27, 2018

We can compare the real and imaginary part of the equation separately:

Real: 11 z 10 11 = 0 \boxed{11z^{10}-11=0} Imaginary: 10 z 9 + 10 z = 0 \boxed{10z^9+10z=0}

From the real part we get: 11 z 10 11 = 0 z 10 = 1 z 10 e 10 i ϕ = 1 11z^{10}-11=0 \Leftrightarrow z^{10}=1 \Leftrightarrow |z|^{10}e^{10i\phi}=1

Since e 10 i ϕ e^{10i\phi} has always an absolute value of 1 1 we can directly conclude that z 10 = 1 z = 1 |z|^{10}=1\Rightarrow\boxed{|z|=1}

At this point the problem is solved. But we can, to check our answer, do the same thing for the imaginary part as well:

10 z 9 + 10 z = 0 z ( 10 z 8 + 10 ) = 0 10z^9+10z=0\Leftrightarrow z(10z^8+10)=0 Now we have two options: Ether z = 0 z=0 (which makes no sense) or 10 z 8 + 10 = 0 z 8 = 1 10z^8+10=0\Leftrightarrow \boxed{z^8=-1}

We can see clearly that the solution must be a point on the unit-circle and therefore z = 1 \boxed{|z|=1}

Hi there, Claudio. I don't mean to burst your bubble or anything, but the technique you use to set what you are calling the "real and imaginary parts" to zero is flawed. For instance, consider the two complex numbers 1 + 2 i 1+2i and 2 + i -2+i . They are nonzero; yet 1 + 2 i + i ( 2 + i ) = 1 + 2 i 2 i 1 = 0 1+2i+i(-2+i)=1+2i-2i-1=0 .

James Wilson - 3 years, 4 months ago

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I just figured out the remaining details for my solution. I will be posting them some time soon.

James Wilson - 3 years, 4 months ago

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Actually, I was mistaken. But I'll let you know if I get it. I should be back on tonight.

James Wilson - 3 years, 4 months ago

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@James Wilson I have completed my solution, in case you were interested to see it.

James Wilson - 3 years, 4 months ago

See solutions here and here

Vilakshan Gupta - 3 months ago
James Wilson
Jan 19, 2018

(Solution fully completed 2/2/2018.) Let z z be a root, i.e., 11 z 10 + 10 i z 9 + 10 i z 11 = 0 11z^{10}+10iz^9+10iz-11=0 . Then take the conjugate of the equation and divide by z ˉ 10 \bar{z}^{10} (noting z ˉ 0 \bar{z}\neq 0 ). This leads to 11 10 i 1 z ˉ 10 i 1 z ˉ 9 11 1 z ˉ 10 = 0 11-10i\frac{1}{\bar{z}}-10i\frac{1}{\bar{z}^9}-11\frac{1}{\bar{z}^{10}}=0 . Adding the equations results in 11 ( z 10 1 z ˉ 10 ) + 10 i ( z 9 1 z ˉ 9 ) + 10 i ( z 1 z ˉ ) = 0 11\Big(z^{10}-\frac{1}{\bar{z}^{10}}\Big)+10i\Big(z^9-\frac{1}{\bar{z}^9}\Big)+10i\Big(z-\frac{1}{\bar{z}}\Big)=0 . Multiply by z ˉ 10 \bar{z}^{10} to obtain 11 ( z 20 1 ) + 10 i z ˉ ( z 18 1 ) + 10 z ˉ 9 ( z 2 1 ) = 0 11(|z|^{20}-1)+10i\bar{z}(|z|^{18}-1)+10\bar{z}^9(|z|^2-1)=0 . Then factorize as ( z 2 1 ) ( 11 ( z 18 + z 16 + . . . + 1 ) + 10 i z ˉ ( z 16 + z 14 + . . . + 1 ) + 10 i z ˉ 9 ) = 0 (|z|^2-1)(11(|z|^{18}+|z|^{16}+...+1)+10i\bar{z}(|z|^{16}+|z|^{14}+...+1)+10i\bar{z}^9)=0 . Then by the triangle inequality, 11 ( z 18 + z 16 + . . . + 1 ) + 10 i z ˉ ( z 16 + z 14 + . . . + 1 ) + 10 i z ˉ 9 |11(|z|^{18}+|z|^{16}+...+1)+10i\bar{z}(|z|^{16}+|z|^{14}+...+1)+10i\bar{z}^9| 11 ( z 18 + z 16 + . . . + 1 ) 10 z ( z 16 + z 14 + . . . + 1 ) 10 z 9 \geq 11(|z|^{18}+|z|^{16}+...+1)-10|z|(|z|^{16}+|z|^{14}+...+1)-10|z|^9 . Now, I will prove 11 ( z 18 + z 16 + . . . + 1 ) 10 z ( z 16 + z 14 + . . . + 1 ) 10 z 9 > 0 11(|z|^{18}+|z|^{16}+...+1)-10|z|(|z|^{16}+|z|^{14}+...+1)-10|z|^9>0 . Assume z = 0 |z|=0 . Then the expression is equal to 11 11 , which is greater than 0 0 . Next, assume 0 < z 1 0<|z|\leq 1 . Then I can break up, reorder, and bracket the terms as ( 11 z 18 ) + ( 11 z 16 10 z 17 ) + ( 11 z 14 10 z 15 ) + . . . ( 1 z ) + ( 10 10 z 9 ) (11|z|^{18})+(11|z|^{16}-10|z|^{17})+(11|z|^{14}-10|z|^{15})+...(1-|z|)+(10-10|z|^9) . It is easily seen that the whole expression is strictly positive. Now assume z > 1 |z|>1 . Write the expression as ( 10 z 18 10 z 17 ) + ( 10 z 16 10 z 15 ) + . . . + ( z 18 + z 16 + . . . + 11 10 z 9 ) (10|z|^{18}-10|z|^{17})+(10|z|^{16}-10|z|^{15})+...+(|z|^{18}+|z|^{16}+...+11-10|z|^9) . Each bracketed term is positive. (To see that z 18 + z 16 + . . . + 11 > 10 z 9 |z|^{18}+|z|^{16}+...+11>10|z|^9 for all z > 1 |z|>1 , first note that the inequality is true for z = 1 |z|=1 . Next, differentiate both sides of the inequality (w.r.t. z |z| ) to get a new inequality, which if is true for z > 1 |z|>1 , then the original inequality is true. This leads you to differentiate the inequality again and come to the same conclusion. Repeat the process until you have differentiated the inequality 9 times. This results in 18 17 . . . 10 z 9 + . . . + 10 ! z > 10 ! 18\cdot 17\cdot ... \cdot 10|z|^9+...+10!|z|>10! , which is clearly true for z > 1 |z|>1 . Noting that, in each case, the inequalities are satisfied for z = 1 |z|=1 , this dominoes up to z 18 + z 16 + . . . + 1 > 10 z 9 |z|^{18}+|z|^{16}+...+1>10|z|^9 to show that it is true for all z > 1 |z|>1 .) Finally, since 11 ( z 18 + z 16 + . . . + 1 ) + 10 i z ˉ ( z 16 + z 14 + . . . + 1 ) + 10 i z ˉ 9 > 0 |11(|z|^{18}+|z|^{16}+...+1)+10i\bar{z}(|z|^{16}+|z|^{14}+...+1)+10i\bar{z}^9|>0 , we have 11 ( z 18 + z 16 + . . . + 1 ) + 10 i z ˉ ( z 16 + z 14 + . . . + 1 ) + 10 i z ˉ 9 0 11(|z|^{18}+|z|^{16}+...+1)+10i\bar{z}(|z|^{16}+|z|^{14}+...+1)+10i\bar{z}^9\neq 0 , so we can divide by it in ( z 2 1 ) ( 11 ( z 18 + z 16 + . . . + 1 ) + 10 i z ˉ ( z 16 + z 14 + . . . + 1 ) + 10 i z ˉ 9 ) = 0 (|z|^2-1)(11(|z|^{18}+|z|^{16}+...+1)+10i\bar{z}(|z|^{16}+|z|^{14}+...+1)+10i\bar{z}^9)=0 to conclude z 2 1 = 0 |z|^2-1=0 or, equivalently, z = 1 |z|=1 .

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