Answer in 2 steps?

Algebra Level 5

Let S \mathbb{S} be the set R + { 0 } \mathbb{R}^+ \cup \{0\}

A function f : S S f:\mathbb{S} \rightarrow \mathbb{S} is defined as - f ( x 2 + y 2 ) = y 2 f ( x ) + x 2 f ( y ) + x 4 + y 4 f(x^2+y^2) = y^2f(x)+x^2f(y) +x^4+y^4

Then the value of f ( 2015 ) f(2015) can be written as a d b d c d a^d b^d c^d where a , b , c , d a,b,c,d are all distinct prime numbers. Find the value of a + b + c + d a+b+c+d .


Give it a thought -

\bullet Will the answer change if S \mathbb{S} was replaced by R \mathbb{R} (Real numbers) or C \mathbb{C} (Complex numbers)?


The answer is 51.

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5 solutions

Putting x = y = 0 x = y = 0 , we get f ( 0 ) = 0 f(0) = 0 .

Putting y = 0 y = 0 , we have f ( x 2 ) = x 4 f(x^2) = x^4 . Putting z = x 2 z = x^2 , we have f ( z ) = z 2 f(z) = z^2 for all z 0 z \geq 0 .

Therefore, f ( 2015 ) = 201 5 2 = ( 5 13 31 ) 2 . f(2015) = 2015^2 = (5 * 13 * 31)^2.

Therefore answer = 51 = \boxed{51}

Writing this here since it made my proof too long.

Proof that f ( x ) = x 2 f(x) = x^2 for all x x :-

Since 2 x 2 0 2x^2 \geq 0 , f ( 2 x 2 ) = 4 x 4 f(2x^2) = 4x^4 .

Putting y = x y = x in the proposition,

f ( x 2 + x 2 ) = x 2 f ( x ) + x 2 f ( x ) + x 4 + x 4 f(x^2 + x^2) = x^2f(x) + x^2f(x) + x^4 + x^4

4 x 4 = 2 x 2 f ( x ) + 2 x 4 \implies 4x^4 = 2x^2f(x) + 2x^4

2 x 4 = 2 x 2 f ( x ) \implies 2x^4 = 2x^2f(x)

x 2 = f ( x ) \implies x^2 = f(x) for all x x

Also, @Aditya Raut , I heard you gave the INMO. How did it go?

Siddhartha Srivastava - 6 years, 3 months ago

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Result is not out yet, but my score was much better than last time... I don't think I'll be selected further -_-

Aditya Raut - 6 years, 3 months ago

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what is your score ?

Gautam Sharma - 6 years, 3 months ago

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@Gautam Sharma My score is 57. I don't think that is enough. @GAUTAM SHARMA , @Siddhartha Srivastava

Aditya Raut - 6 years, 3 months ago

Why? How many marks did you get? I got 51 and I'm still hoping I'll get selected

Siddhartha Srivastava - 6 years, 3 months ago
Gautam Sharma
Mar 1, 2015

1 s t 1^{st} step-Put x = y = 0 x=y=0 and we get f ( 0 ) = 0 f(0)=0

2 n d 2^{nd} step-Put x = 2015 , y = 0 x=\sqrt{2015},y=0 and we get f ( 2015 ) = 3 1 2 × 1 3 2 × 5 2 f(2015)=31^{2}\times13^{2}\times5^{2}

13+31+5+2=51

A 2 step solution.

Mvs Saketh
Feb 28, 2015

The function is simply (x^2)

so answer is 2015^2

and 2015= (13)(31)(5)

squaring it we have answer as (a,b,c,d)=(13,31,5,2)

This is the true two step solution. Upvoted.

Raghav Vaidyanathan - 6 years, 3 months ago
Ivan Koswara
Feb 28, 2015

The problem with functional equations is that they don't fit this form of problems with a numerical short answer...

Stupid solution: Observe that f ( x ) = x 2 f(x) = x^2 satisfies the functional equation. Since this problem exists, we assume that the answer is the same no matter what f f we choose. Thus f ( 2015 ) = 201 5 2 = 5 2 1 3 2 3 1 2 f(2015) = 2015^2 = 5^2 13^2 31^2 , giving a + b + c + d = 5 + 13 + 31 + 2 = 51 a+b+c+d = 5+13+31+2 = \boxed{51} .

Actual solution is given by Samuraiwarm Tsunayoshi.


The answer doesn't change if we use real numbers; f ( x 2 ) = x 2 f ( 0 ) + x 4 f(x^2) = x^2f(0)+x^4 means f ( x ) = x f ( 0 ) + x 2 f(x) = xf(0)+x^2 for all x 0 x \ge 0 , and since 2015 0 2015 \ge 0 , the result remains. But the function solution itself doesn't change; if we plug in x x x \gets -x and compare it with the original, we get that everything cancels out except y 2 f ( x ) = y 2 f ( x ) y^2 f(x) = y^2 f(-x) . Taking y = 1 y=1 , we get f ( x ) = f ( x ) f(x) = f(-x) , so f f can be extended to the negative reals (which is still f ( x ) = x 2 f(x)=x^2 ).

Plugging y = 0 y = 0 we get

f ( x 2 ) = x 2 f ( 0 ) + x 4 f(x^{2}) = x^{2}f(0) + x^{4} (1)

f ( x ) = x f ( 0 ) + x 2 f(x) = xf(0) + x^{2} (2)

Plugging into the original equation we get

( x 2 + y 2 ) f ( 0 ) + ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 = y 2 ( x f ( 0 ) + x 2 ) + x 2 ( y f ( 0 ) + y 2 ) + x 4 + y 4 (x^{2}+y^{2})f(0) + (x^{2}+y^{2})^{2} = y^{2}(xf(0)+x^{2}) + x^{2}(yf(0) + y^{2}) + x^{4} + y^{4}

2 x 2 y 2 + x 2 f ( 0 ) + y 2 f ( 0 ) = x y ( x + y ) f ( 0 ) + 2 x 2 y 2 2x^{2}y^{2} + x^{2}f(0) + y^{2}f(0) = xy(x+y)f(0) + 2x^{2}y^{2}

( x 2 + y 2 x y ( x + y ) ) f ( 0 ) = 0 (x^{2}+y^{2} - xy(x+y))f(0) = 0

f ( 0 ) = 0 f(0) = 0

Therefore, f ( x ) = x 2 f(x) = \boxed{x^{2}} . ~~~

Why didn't you put x = y = 0 x = y = 0 ? That would've gotten f ( 0 ) = 0 f(0) = 0 in one step. Or am I messing up somehow?

Siddhartha Srivastava - 6 years, 3 months ago

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Yep, you're right. My brain doesn't work at night. XD

Samuraiwarm Tsunayoshi - 6 years, 3 months ago

The answer might change if S \mathbb{S} is changed to R \mathbb{R} .

When I did step (1) to (2), for set of R \mathbb{R} could change into f ( x ) = x f ( 0 ) + x 2 f(x) = -xf(0)+x^{2} . That kinda interesting, and I'll leave this to my cat.

Samuraiwarm Tsunayoshi - 6 years, 3 months ago

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