Beginner Functional Equation

Algebra Level 3

How many functions f : R R f:\mathbb R\to\mathbb R satisfies

f ( x + f ( y ) ) = x + y for all x , y R ? f(x+f(y))=x+y \quad \text{ for all } x,y\in \mathbb R?

0 1 2 Countably many Uncountably many

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2 solutions

展豪 張
Apr 5, 2016

f ( x + f ( y ) ) = x + y ( 1 ) f(x+f(y))=x+y\cdots(1)


Put x = 0 x=0 into ( 1 ) (1) , f ( f ( y ) ) = y ( 2 ) f(f(y))=y\cdots(2)


Put y = 0 y=0 into ( 1 ) (1) , f ( x + f ( 0 ) ) = x f(x+f(0))=x
Apply f f on both sides, f ( f ( x + f ( 0 ) ) ) = f ( x ) f(f(x+f(0)))=f(x)
Apply ( 2 ) (2) on LHS, x + f ( 0 ) = f ( x ) x+f(0)=f(x)
i.e. f ( x ) = x + f ( 0 ) ( 3 ) f(x)=x+f(0)\cdots(3)


It remains to find the value of f ( 0 ) f(0)
Apply ( 3 ) (3) on ( 1 ) (1) repeatedly, L H S = f ( x + f ( y ) ) = x + f ( y ) + f ( 0 ) = x + y + 2 f ( 0 ) LHS=f(x+f(y))=x+f(y)+f(0)=x+y+2f(0)
While R H S = x + y RHS=x+y
f ( 0 ) = 0 ( 4 ) \therefore f(0)=0\cdots(4)


Combining ( 3 ) (3) and ( 4 ) (4) , f ( x ) = x f(x)=x

Looks good!

I suggest editing the problem to ask for the number of solutions to the functional equation instead. Otherwise, the answer could be easily found by checking all the options. Thoughts?

Calvin Lin Staff - 5 years, 2 months ago

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I agree with you...that's really easy. Or maybe we can add concepts like degree of freedom into it?

展豪 張 - 5 years, 2 months ago

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I've updated the options to make it more interesting to consider.

Calvin Lin Staff - 5 years, 2 months ago

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@Calvin Lin Cool! Now people have to write a full solution in order to obtain the answer!

展豪 張 - 5 years, 2 months ago

f ( f ( y ) + f ( y ) ) = f ( 0 ) = f ( y ) + y , y R f( -f(y) + f(y)) = f(0) = -f(y) + y, \quad \forall y \in \mathbb{R} \Rightarrow f ( y ) = y f ( 0 ) , y R f(y) = y - f(0), \space \forall y \in \mathbb{R} \Rightarrow x + f ( y ) f ( 0 ) = f ( x + f ( y ) ) = x + y , x , y R x + f(y) - f(0) = f(x + f(y)) = x + y, \space \forall x,y \in \mathbb{R} \Rightarrow f ( y ) = y + f ( 0 ) = y f ( 0 ) , y R f ( 0 ) = 0 f ( y ) = y , y R f(y) = y + f(0) = y - f(0),\space \forall y \in \mathbb{R} \Rightarrow f(0) = 0 \Rightarrow f(y) = y, \space \forall y \in \mathbb{R}

Nice solution! I didn't think of putting x = f ( y ) x=-f(y) !

展豪 張 - 5 years, 1 month ago

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Generally, this is my first step to solve these kinds of problems, solving f(0), later seeing what happens with natural numbers, later with rational numbers and finally with real numbers... In this case, I have been lucky... thank you, anyway

Guillermo Templado - 5 years, 1 month ago

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Yes... f(0) is usually easy to find. I think the most difficult part in most cases is from rational to real...

展豪 張 - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@展豪 張 once, you get f ( y ) = y f ( 0 ) , y R f(y) = y - f(0), \space \forall y \in \mathbb{R} there is a easier or shorter way to sorting out f(0). I have just seen it, do you know how get it? and what happens if you do f ( y f ( y ) + f ( y ) ) f(y - f(y) + f(y)) ? I'll tell you my trick, this problem was on facebook today,,haha... and it has been succesful

Guillermo Templado - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@Guillermo Templado f ( y f ( y ) + f ( y ) ) = y f ( y ) + y f ( y ) = y f(y-f(y)+f(y))=y-f(y)+y\Rightarrow f(y)=y
Wow a really short way!

展豪 張 - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@展豪 張 Exactly, (+1)

Guillermo Templado - 5 years, 1 month ago

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