Combinatorial sum!

If k = 0 18 ( 1 ) k ( 18 k ) k 3 + 9 k 2 + 26 k + 24 = 1 p \displaystyle \sum_{k=0}^{18} \frac{(-1)^k {18 \choose k}}{k^3 + 9k^2 + 26k + 24} = \frac{1}{p} , find p p .


The answer is 924.

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2 solutions

Anish Puthuraya
Feb 1, 2014

k = 0 18 ( 1 ) k ( 18 k ) k 3 + 9 k 2 + 26 k + 24 = k = 0 18 ( 1 ) k ( 18 k ) ( k + 2 ) ( k + 3 ) ( k + 4 ) \displaystyle \sum_{k=0}^{18}\frac{(-1)^k{18\choose k}}{k^3+9k^2+26k+24} = \sum_{k=0}^{18}\frac{(-1)^k{18\choose k}}{(k+2)(k+3)(k+4)}

To evaluate this sum, we will use Integration.
We know,
( 1 + x ) n = k = 0 n ( n k ) x k \displaystyle (1+x)^n = \sum_{k=0}^n{n\choose k} x^k

Multiplying both sides by x x , we get,
x ( 1 + x ) n = k = 0 n ( n k ) x k + 1 \displaystyle x(1+x)^n = \sum_{k=0}^n{n\choose k} x^{k+1}

Integrating both sides, with limits as 0 0 to x x , we have,
0 x x ( 1 + x ) n d x = k = 0 n 0 x ( n k ) x k + 1 d x \displaystyle\int_0^x x(1+x)^n dx = \sum_{k=0}^n\int_0^x{n\choose k} x^{k+1} dx

Using IBP, and putting the limits, we get,
x ( 1 + x ) n + 1 n + 1 ( 1 + x ) n + 2 ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) + 1 ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) = k = 0 n ( n k ) x k + 2 k + 2 \displaystyle\frac{x(1+x)^{n+1}}{n+1}-\frac{(1+x)^{n+2}}{(n+1)(n+2)}+\frac{1}{(n+1)(n+2)} = \sum_{k=0}^n{n\choose k} \frac{x^{k+2}}{k+2}

Integrating 2 more times with the same limits, we get,
2 ( n + 4 ) ( 2 x + x ( 1 + x ) n + 3 ) + 3 3 ( 1 + x ) n + 4 + x 2 ( n + 3 ) ( n + 4 ) 2 ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) ( n + 3 ) ( n + 4 ) = k = 0 n ( n k ) x k + 4 ( k + 2 ) ( k + 3 ) ( k + 4 ) \displaystyle\frac{2(n+4)(2x+x(1+x)^{n+3})+3-3(1+x)^{n+4}+x^2(n+3)(n+4)}{2(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)(n+4)} = \sum_{k=0}^n{n\choose k} \frac{x^{k+4}}{(k+2)(k+3)(k+4)}

Substituting x = 1 x=-1 and n = 18 n=18 ,
k = 0 n ( n k ) ( 1 ) k ( k + 2 ) ( k + 3 ) ( k + 4 ) = 380 2 × 19 × 20 × 21 × 22 = 1 924 = 1 n \displaystyle\sum_{k=0}^n{n\choose k} \frac{(-1)^k}{(k+2)(k+3)(k+4)} = \frac{380}{2\times19\times20\times21\times22} =\frac{1}{924} = \frac{1}{n}

Therefore,
n = 924 \boxed{n=924}

Even though I have no knowledge of integration, I always find these "coefficients" being generated beautiful. Here's a sketch of how I solved it:

Having ( k + 2 ) ( k + 3 ) ( k + 4 ) (k+2)(k+3)(k+4) in the denominator motivated me to add the term ( k + 1 ) (k+1) so that when combined with ( 18 k ) {18\choose k} , I can obtain something like ( n k + 4 ) {n\choose {k+4}} .

To achieve this we just have to multiply it by 22 21 20 19 22*21*20*19 to give the numerator 4 4 extra consecutive numbers. After some balancing we should get:

Original Sum= 1 22 21 20 19 k = 0 18 ( k + 1 ) ( 1 ) k ( 22 k + 4 ) \frac {1}{22*21*20*19}*\sum _{k=0}^{18} (k+1)(-1)^{k}{22\choose {k+4}} .

Since 2 k = 4 18 ( k + 1 ) ( 1 ) k ( 22 k + 4 ) = 2\sum _{k=-4}^{18} (k+1)(-1)^{k}{22\choose {k+4}}=

3 ( 22 0 ) 2 ( 22 1 ) + . . . . 19 ( 22 22 ) ~~~~~~~~~~~3{22\choose {0}}-2{22\choose {1}}+....-19{22\choose {22}}

+ 19 ( 22 22 ) + 18 ( 22 21 ) . . . . + 3 ( 22 0 ) + -19{22\choose {22}}+18{22\choose {21}}-....+3{22\choose {0}} = 16 ( ( 22 0 ) ( 22 1 ) + . . . . + ( 22 22 ) ) = -16({22\choose {0}}-{22\choose {1}}+....+{22\choose {22}}) = 16 ( 1 1 ) 22 = 0 =-16(1-1)^{22}=0

Therefore k = 0 18 ( k + 1 ) ( 1 ) k ( 22 k + 4 ) = ( k = 4 1 ( k + 1 ) ( 1 ) k ( 22 k + 4 ) ) = 190 \sum _{k=0}^{18} (k+1)(-1)^{k}{22\choose {k+4}}=-(\sum _{k=-4}^{-1} (k+1)(-1)^{k}{22\choose {k+4}})=190

So our desired sum= 190 22 21 20 19 = 1 924 \frac {190}{22*21*20*19}=\frac {1}{924}

Xuming Liang - 7 years, 4 months ago

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Superb. Never thought of this.

Anish Puthuraya - 7 years, 4 months ago

Exactly how I did it. :)

BTW, there is no need to use IBP, a substitution would do the job.

Pranav Arora - 7 years, 4 months ago

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Can you just elaborate, I always do these types of problems as I did here, and I found it rather long. So I really would like to know some easier method.

Anish Puthuraya - 7 years, 4 months ago

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I used the substitution 1 + x = t 1+x=t but it looks like that for this problem, it doesn't really matter which method you use.

Pranav Arora - 7 years, 4 months ago

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@Pranav Arora Thanks. I just posted my first note on Electrochemistry. Would you mind checking it out, just some feedback.

Anish Puthuraya - 7 years, 4 months ago

is there any simple solution than this (except using integration)

Rishabh Jain - 7 years, 4 months ago

You can use recursive relation.

AP Singh - 7 years, 4 months ago
Ashutosh Sharma
Mar 26, 2018

nice question

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