If k = 0 ∑ 1 8 k 3 + 9 k 2 + 2 6 k + 2 4 ( − 1 ) k ( k 1 8 ) = p 1 , find p .
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Even though I have no knowledge of integration, I always find these "coefficients" being generated beautiful. Here's a sketch of how I solved it:
Having ( k + 2 ) ( k + 3 ) ( k + 4 ) in the denominator motivated me to add the term ( k + 1 ) so that when combined with ( k 1 8 ) , I can obtain something like ( k + 4 n ) .
To achieve this we just have to multiply it by 2 2 ∗ 2 1 ∗ 2 0 ∗ 1 9 to give the numerator 4 extra consecutive numbers. After some balancing we should get:
Original Sum= 2 2 ∗ 2 1 ∗ 2 0 ∗ 1 9 1 ∗ ∑ k = 0 1 8 ( k + 1 ) ( − 1 ) k ( k + 4 2 2 ) .
Since 2 ∑ k = − 4 1 8 ( k + 1 ) ( − 1 ) k ( k + 4 2 2 ) =
3 ( 0 2 2 ) − 2 ( 1 2 2 ) + . . . . − 1 9 ( 2 2 2 2 )
+ − 1 9 ( 2 2 2 2 ) + 1 8 ( 2 1 2 2 ) − . . . . + 3 ( 0 2 2 ) = − 1 6 ( ( 0 2 2 ) − ( 1 2 2 ) + . . . . + ( 2 2 2 2 ) ) = − 1 6 ( 1 − 1 ) 2 2 = 0
Therefore ∑ k = 0 1 8 ( k + 1 ) ( − 1 ) k ( k + 4 2 2 ) = − ( ∑ k = − 4 − 1 ( k + 1 ) ( − 1 ) k ( k + 4 2 2 ) ) = 1 9 0
So our desired sum= 2 2 ∗ 2 1 ∗ 2 0 ∗ 1 9 1 9 0 = 9 2 4 1
Exactly how I did it. :)
BTW, there is no need to use IBP, a substitution would do the job.
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Can you just elaborate, I always do these types of problems as I did here, and I found it rather long. So I really would like to know some easier method.
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I used the substitution 1 + x = t but it looks like that for this problem, it doesn't really matter which method you use.
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@Pranav Arora – Thanks. I just posted my first note on Electrochemistry. Would you mind checking it out, just some feedback.
is there any simple solution than this (except using integration)
You can use recursive relation.
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k = 0 ∑ 1 8 k 3 + 9 k 2 + 2 6 k + 2 4 ( − 1 ) k ( k 1 8 ) = k = 0 ∑ 1 8 ( k + 2 ) ( k + 3 ) ( k + 4 ) ( − 1 ) k ( k 1 8 )
To evaluate this sum, we will use Integration.
We know,
( 1 + x ) n = k = 0 ∑ n ( k n ) x k
Multiplying both sides by x , we get,
x ( 1 + x ) n = k = 0 ∑ n ( k n ) x k + 1
Integrating both sides, with limits as 0 to x , we have,
∫ 0 x x ( 1 + x ) n d x = k = 0 ∑ n ∫ 0 x ( k n ) x k + 1 d x
Using IBP, and putting the limits, we get,
n + 1 x ( 1 + x ) n + 1 − ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) ( 1 + x ) n + 2 + ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) 1 = k = 0 ∑ n ( k n ) k + 2 x k + 2
Integrating 2 more times with the same limits, we get,
2 ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) ( n + 3 ) ( n + 4 ) 2 ( n + 4 ) ( 2 x + x ( 1 + x ) n + 3 ) + 3 − 3 ( 1 + x ) n + 4 + x 2 ( n + 3 ) ( n + 4 ) = k = 0 ∑ n ( k n ) ( k + 2 ) ( k + 3 ) ( k + 4 ) x k + 4
Substituting x = − 1 and n = 1 8 ,
k = 0 ∑ n ( k n ) ( k + 2 ) ( k + 3 ) ( k + 4 ) ( − 1 ) k = 2 × 1 9 × 2 0 × 2 1 × 2 2 3 8 0 = 9 2 4 1 = n 1
Therefore,
n = 9 2 4