Competing Exponents

Calculus Level 5

Find the sum of all the prime solutions to x 91 > 11 x x^{91}>{11}^x .

You may use a calculator for the final step of your calculation.

Note : You may find this list of primes helpful.


The answer is 4227.

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2 solutions

We basically need to check the points (if at all) where e a x = x b e^{ax}=x^b , or, equivalently, e c x = x e^{cx}=x where a = ln 11 , b = 91 , c = a b a=\ln 11,\ b=91, c=\frac{a}{b} . Now, consider the function f ( x ) = e c x x f(x)=e^{cx}-x . Then, f ( x ) = c e c x 1 , f ( x ) = c 2 e c x f'(x)=ce^{cx}-1,\ f''(x)=c^2e^{cx} . If c > 0 c>0 , the function is strictly convex, and hence f f has a unique global minima. Also, at the point of minima, we have f ( x ) = 1 / c ( 1 + ln c ) f(x)=1/c(1+\ln c) . Since here c < 1 / e c<1/e , the minimum value of the function is negative. But since f ( 0 ) = 1 , lim x f ( x ) = + f(0)=1,\lim_{x\to \infty}f(x)=+\infty , due to continuity of the function we can apply intermediate value theorem to obtain that the function has two real roots, i.e. f ( x ) = 0 f(x)=0 for two values of x x .

So, it remains to find the two roots x 1 , x 2 x_1,x_2 , so that then we have f ( x ) < 0 , x ( x 1 , x 2 ) f(x)<0,\ \forall x\in (x_1,x_2) , and hence x b > a x , x ( x 1 , x 2 ) x^{b}>a^x, \forall x\in (x_1,x_2) . There does not seem to be any known method to explicitly find the solutions, except the use of the Lambert's W function . Using this function, the solution to e c x = x e^{cx}=x turns out to be x = W ( c ) c x=-\frac{W(-c)}{c} , which produces the lower limit 1.02744 \approx 1.02744 , and the upper limit 201.3206 \approx201.3206 . Thus, the desired solution is the sum of all the prime numbers between 2 2 and 201 201 (inclusive), which evaluates to 4227 \boxed{4227} .

I used my graphing utility and found that solution. Though i didn't know about lambert's w function, so i had no choice left. Thanks for mentioning the new thing.

Istiak Reza - 4 years, 6 months ago

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You are welcome!

Samrat Mukhopadhyay - 4 years, 6 months ago
William Isoroku
Oct 15, 2016

First we just need to find what real value of x x would make x 91 = 1 1 x x^{91}=11^x and we take every prime integers below that thanks to the list of prime integers provided (great help btw).

How would you find that real value?

Digvijay Singh - 4 years, 8 months ago

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For me, I estimate using logs

William Isoroku - 4 years, 6 months ago

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you can't solve this problem using logs..

Digvijay Singh - 4 years, 6 months ago

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@Digvijay Singh well good for you

William Isoroku - 4 years, 6 months ago

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