If the function f has the property f ( f ( x ) ) = 1 − x , find the value of 2 f ( 2 1 )
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So the condition of continuous is not required?
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I doubt that. But this question is related to a more basic question : if f ( f ( x ) ) = a continuous function of x for all reals. Are there any discontinuous solutions to this family of functional equation??
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There are (uncountably) infinitely many discontinuous solutions to f ( f ( x ) ) = x .
For example, take a , b ∈ R and
f ( x ) = ⎩ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎧ b a x x = a x = b otherwise
You can similarly manipulate this idea for the case of f ( f ( x ) ) = 1 − x . Give it a try!
why we have to replace x with f?
We need that information, otherwise we couldn't know if the function works for x = 1/2
Why would you need continuity? You are simply calculating the value of the function at a point. Existence, on the other hand, is not so trivial.
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To clarify, it was previously stated that the function was continuous. As indicated by my comment, that is not a required assumption.
As such, I have removed the condition, so that the problem has a simpler statement b
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@Calvin Lin – f^-1(f(1/2) = 1/2 and f^-1(f(1/2)) = f^-1(1/2) = f(1/2). Then, f(1/2) = 1/2 ==> 2f(1/2) = 1
@Calvin Lin – Oops sorry, I just read the last version of the problem. I didn't know that a previous version included continuity, which doesn't seem to be possible.
this kinda upvoting to a wrong idea is ruining people's brain, plz remove of edit this problem
Making a half century of upvotes
you can't replace x by f(x) because if f(x)=x, f(f(x))=f(x)=x is not equal to 1-x, but you're given that f(f(x))=1-x. if you were given that f(x)=1-x, then the 2f(1/2) would definitely be 1. otherwise 2f(f(1/2))=1. Thanks
f ( f ( x ) ) = 1 − x f ( f ( 2 1 ) ) = 1 − 2 1 = 2 1
f ( 2 1 ) = f ( f ( f ( 2 1 ) ) ) = 1 − f ( 2 1 ) f ( 2 1 ) = 1 − f ( 2 1 ) 2 f ( 2 1 ) = 1
step 3 not clear
Exactly as I went solving this.
here x=1/2, so that 2f(1/2)=2 (1-1/2)=2 (2-1/2)=2*1/2=1
Since it seems that this will hold for any function f , a strategy we can do is to pick any function satisfying the given relation. But a particular formula of a function f satisfying the relation is not immediately apparent. Instead, let's say f is any function which has an inverse. If f ( x ) = 1 / 2 then x = f − 1 ( 1 / 2 ) , so f ( 1 / 2 ) = 1 − f − 1 ( 1 / 2 ) . On the other hand, taking f − 1 on both sides of the given equation, we get f ( x ) = f − 1 ( 1 − x ) . Plug in x = 1 / 2 , we have f ( 1 / 2 ) = f − 1 ( 1 / 2 ) . Since f ( 1 / 2 ) = 1 − f − 1 ( 1 / 2 ) and f ( 1 / 2 ) = f − 1 ( 1 / 2 ) , then f ( 1 / 2 ) = 1 / 2 , so 2 f ( 1 / 2 ) = 1 .
Even if there exists a function which has an inverse that is a function, you do not know for certain there f − 1 ( 2 1 ) exists, IE that there is a value y such that f ( y ) = 2 1 .
With functional equations like this, you have to be careful in justifying the validity of the steps that you too.
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I understand that the functional relation holds for all x. That implies that the function f is bijective.
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Right. I am pointing out that several steps are missing in this solution, which is why it is not completely correct as yet.
Like you mentioned, we need to show that
f
is bijective.
Surjection: We see that
f
(
f
(
1
−
y
)
)
=
1
−
(
1
−
y
)
=
y
, hence
f
is surjective.
Injection: If
f
(
x
)
=
f
(
y
)
, then
f
(
f
(
x
)
)
=
f
(
f
(
y
)
)
⇒
1
−
x
=
1
−
y
⇒
x
=
y
. Hence,
f
is injective.
(As a possible interpretation of your comment) Note that not all functional relations which hold for all x need to be bijective functions. . For example, the functional equation f ( x ) + f ( − x ) = 1 is satisfied by f ( x ) = 2 1 for all x , and is neither surjective nor injective.
Let f ( x ) = a x + b
f ( f ( x ) ) = a ( a x + b ) + b
f ( f ( x ) ) = a 2 x + b ( a + 1 ) = 1 − x
a = i and b = i + 1 1
f ( x ) = i x + i + 1 1
2 f ( 2 1 ) = 2 ( i × 2 1 + i + 1 1 )
2 f ( 2 1 ) = ( i + i + 1 2 )
2 f ( 2 1 ) = i + 1 i ( i + 1 ) + 2
2 f ( 2 1 ) = i + 1 i + 1 = 1
f ( f ( 2 1 ) ) = 1 − 2 1 = 2 1 f ( f ( x ) ) = 1 − x ⇒ f ( f ( f ( x ) ) ) = 1 − f ( x ) ⟺ f ( x ) = 1 − f ( f ( f ( x ) ) ) f ( 2 1 ) = 1 − f ( f ( f ( 2 1 ) ) ) = 1 − f ( 2 1 ) ⟺ 2 f ( 2 1 ) = 1
f(f(x)) = 1 - x, so f(f(f(x))) = x. With f(f(1/2)) = 1 - 1/2, we have f(1/2) = f(f(f(1/2))) = 1/2. Done.
This is correct way!!!!
Rather weird (and wrong) solution.
If we let f ( x ) = x for some x , we get the equation
x = 1 − x
x = 2 1
Therefore, f ( x ) = x if x = 2 1
∴ 2 f ( 2 1 ) = 2 × 2 1 = 1
I'm afraid that your argument (as presented) is circular.
You do not know that we must have a value which satisfies f ( x ) = x . If we do, then the only possible value where this occurs is x = 2 1 .
The correct conclusion is "Therefore, if f ( x ) = x for some x , then this only occurs when x = 2 1 ." This statement is not equivalent to saying "When x = 2 1 , f ( x ) = x .
Just put x=1/2 in the first equation, ans automatically comes to be 1.
Then you are assuming that f ( x ) = f ( f ( x ) ) . The answer may have been the same but not the right solution.
Let f(f(x))=1/2=1-x, so x=1/2. This gives f(1/2)=1/2. Hence, 2f(1/2)=1
This problem was sooooooo easy!!!!! I really did like this problem though so thank you!!!!!!! :-)
If you divide the left and right side of the equation, you get the function half, and the actual quantity half. f(f(x)) -- the function half 1-x -- the quantity Functions that are written using f(x) are just over-formalized ways of indicating what the independent variable of the function is. The overall point is that x needs to be given a value, and its value will affect the value of the quantity. For example, x=1, 1-x, 1-1=0 The function side of the equation would be written like this f(f(1)) But regarding this part just confuses the problem.
So, we are told to find the value at 2f(1/2) Rewriting the original equation, we get 2f(1/2) = 2(1- 1/2) =1
take f(f(x))=f(1/2) then,f(1/2)=1-1/2=1/2 now ,multiply,2 and 1/2 it results 1.
from f(f(x)) = 1 - x, let x = f(x). Then, f(x) = 1 - f(x). Separating f(x) we get 2f(x) = 1. If x = 1/2 2f(1/2) = 1.
f(f(x)) = 1-x
Find 2f(1/2)
1) From observation, f(1/2) which is equivalent to f(x). Since f(x)=f(1/2) hence x=1/2
2) Substitute x = 1/2 then the original function would be f(1/2) = 1-1/2
3) Get the required: 2f(1/2) = 2(1-1/2) = 1
Therefore the answer is 1
since fof(x)=x, we get x=1/2 therofore fof(x)=1
f(f(x)=1-x put x=1/2 f(1/2)=1/2 2f(1/2)=2(1/2)=1
All you had to do was substitute x for 1/2 and multiply by 2
Since f(x) = 1-x thus f(1/2) = 1-1/2=1/2 2f(1/2)= 2x1/2 = 1
f(f(x)) = f^2(x) f^2(x) = 1 - x than by dividing by x on both sides shows that f^2 = 1 Since the square root of 1 is 1 and the square root of f^2 is f than f = 1 Than 2f(1/2) is 2(1)(1/2) = 1
f(f(x))=f(1-x)
f(1-x)=1-(1-x)=x
2(f(1/2))=2*1/2
=1
when x=1/2 then f(1/2)=1/2 now,f(x=1/2)=1/2 & f=2 so after multiplying f*f(1/2)=1
Write a solution. First solve for x=1/2 f(f(1/2))=1-1/2=1/2 , then multiply by 2, 1/2x2=1
f(1)=2(1-1/2) =2(1/2) =1
f(f(x))=1-x fsquaredx=1-x ----- ---- x x fsquared=1 f=1squared f=1 value of 2f(½) =2x1(½) =2(½) =1
Let f(x) =ax+b ; It is obvious the the function is liner one. Then f(f(x)) = a(ax+b)+b = a^2 x+ab+b Now, a^2 x+ab+b = 1-x ; Making an identity Comparing the co-efficient of x & constant term; a^2 = -1 & ab + b = 1 Solving these equation, a= i & b = (1 - i)/2 ; Taking only positive solution So, f(x) = ix +(1-i)/2 2f(1/2) =2[ i(1/2) + (1-i)/2] = i +(1-i) =
If we are giving the vale x=1/2 , we get f( f(1/2))=1/2 from first equation, and the second equation becomes 2 f(1/2)=2(1-1/2)=2(1/2)=1. Finally answer is 1.
Assume f(x)=y
So f(y)=1-x
Calculate invert function
So assume f(y)=z
z=1-x
x=1-z
So f(x)=1-x
2f(1/2)=1
This is right method?
This equation is a nestid loop. Therefore we now that f(f(x))= f(x) so 2(1- (1/2)) = 1
in f(x), x is the variable...whereas in f(f(x)), f(x) is the variable...wat u said is in correct...as an ex. if f(x)=1-x then f(f(x)) could also be f(x)*f(x)-23f(x)!!! hence f(f(x)) is not equal to f(x)!!!!
f(f(x)=1-x f(x)=x f(1/2)=1/2 2*1/2=1
Consider f(f(x))=1/2=1-x, so x=1/2. This gives f(1/2)=1/2. Hence, 2f(1/2)=1 get it!!!!!!!!!!!
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f ( f ( x ) ) = 1 − x Replacing x by f ( x ) , we get f ( f ( f ( x ) ) ) = 1 − f ( x ) ⇒ f ( 1 − x ) = 1 − f ( x ) putting x = 2 1 , we get 2 f ( 2 1 ) = 1