Do you need to know the digits of π \pi ?

What is the unit digit of the following expression:

3 1 4 159265 \Large{3^{14^{159265 \ldots}}}


Inspiration

3 7 1 9 Can't be determined

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4 solutions

3 4 k 1 ( m o d 10 ) \Huge{3^{4k}\equiv 1 \pmod{10}}

You are right! \Huge{\text{You are right!}}

A Former Brilliant Member - 11 months, 1 week ago

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Thank you! \Huge{\text{Thank you!}}

Vinayak Srivastava - 11 months, 1 week ago

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Lol! (some text) \Huge \text{Lol! (some text)}

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@A Former Brilliant Member Yeah! Yeah! \Huge\text{Yeah!}\\[-30px]\color{#FFFFFF}\text{Yeah!}

@Mahdi Raza , I actually thought of this very problem, but I thought it won't work, since the exponent becomes irrational. But since you posted it, now I wish to know, can irrational exponent also give rational number? I wish to clear my doubt.

Vinayak Srivastava - 11 months ago

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Interesting, but since 159625... > 2, this all we care about. It does not matter whether it is irrational or not, we just require the last digit. But again... it is interesting, I might think on that

Mahdi Raza - 11 months ago

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Thanks for replying! Do tell me if you get something interesting! Actually, why I am thinking it won't work is that the Base is rational, and then to get a rational number, we need rational(maybe that too integer in some cases) numbers. I mean that I never saw any other equation with irrational exponent to give rational answer than this: e i π = 1 \Large{e^{i\pi}=-1}

Vinayak Srivastava - 11 months ago

The exponent isn't irrational. It's just arbitrarily large.

Peixin Zhou - 9 months ago

Consider 3 1 4 n m o d 10 3^{14^n} \bmod 10 , where n 2 n \ge 2

Solution 1: By binomial expansion

3 1 4 n ( 3 2 ) 2 n 1 × 7 n (mod 10) 9 2 n 1 × 7 n (mod 10) ( 10 1 ) 2 n 1 × 7 n (mod 10) ( 1 ) 2 n 1 × 7 n (mod 10) The exponent 2 n 1 × 7 n is even 1 (mod 10) \begin{aligned} 3^{14^n} & \equiv (3^2)^{2^{n-1}\times 7^n} \text{ (mod 10)} \\ & \equiv 9^{2^{n-1}\times 7^n} \text{ (mod 10)} \\ & \equiv (10-1)^{2^{n-1}\times 7^n} \text{ (mod 10)} \\ & \equiv (-1)^\blue{2^{n-1}\times 7^n} \text{ (mod 10)} & \small \blue{\text{The exponent }2^{n-1}\times 7^n \text{ is even}} \\ & \equiv \boxed 1 \text{ (mod 10)} \end{aligned}

Solution 2: By Euler's theorem . Since gcd ( 3 , 10 ) = 1 \gcd(3,10) = 1 , we can apply Euler's theorem as follows. Note that Euler's totient function ϕ ( 10 ) = 10 × 1 2 × 4 5 = 4 \phi(10) = 10 \times \frac 12 \times \frac 45 = 4 .

3 1 4 n 3 1 4 n m o d ϕ ( 10 ) (mod 10) 3 1 4 n m o d 4 (mod 10) 3 0 (mod 10) 1 (mod 10) \begin{aligned} 3^{14^n} & \equiv 3^{14^n \bmod \phi(10)} \text{ (mod 10)} \\ & \equiv 3^{14^n \bmod 4} \text{ (mod 10)} \\ & \equiv 3^0 \text{ (mod 10)} \\ & \equiv \boxed 1 \text{ (mod 10)} \end{aligned}

ϕ ( 10 ) = 10 × 1 2 × 4 5 4 = 10 × 4 2 × 5 4 = 4 4 = 0 \phi(10)=10\times\cfrac{1}{2}\times\cfrac{4}{5}-4=\cfrac{\cancel{10}\times4}{\cancel{2\times5}}-4=4-4=0 ?

A Former Brilliant Member - 11 months, 1 week ago

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Sorry, a typo.

Chew-Seong Cheong - 11 months, 1 week ago

Last digit of 3^4 = 1.

1^any positive integer is always 1

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