Do You Prefer Quadratics To Cubics?

Algebra Level 2

{ a 3 = a + 1 b 3 = b + 1 c 3 = c + 1 \large { \begin{cases} a^3 = a + 1 \\ b^3 = b +1 \\ c^3 = c + 1 \end{cases}}

If a , b a,b and c c are distinct numbers satisfying the system of equations above, find a 3 + b 3 + c 3 a^3 + b^3 + c^3 .


The answer is 3.

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2 solutions

Relevant wiki: Vieta's Formula - Higher Degrees

Rearranging the equations, we have:

a 3 a 1 = 0 a^3-a-1=0

b 3 b 1 = 0 b^3-b-1=0

c 3 c 1 = 0 c^3-c-1=0

Which clearly means that a , b , a,b, and c c are three distinct roots of the polynomial x 3 x 1 = 0 x^3-x-1=0 . (distinct because the polynomial cannot be factorised in a way such that it has atleast two common factors)

The polynomial can also be expressed as x 3 + ( 0 ) x 2 + ( 1 ) x + ( 1 ) = 0 x^3 + (0)x^2 + (-1)x + (-1)=0

Then clearly from Vieta's Formulas,

a + b + c = 0 a+b+c=0

a b + b c + c a = 1 ab+bc+ca=-1

a b c = 1 abc=1

Now,

a 3 + b 3 + c 3 a^3+b^3+c^3

= ( a + 1 ) + ( b + 1 ) + ( c + 1 ) = ( a + b + c ) + 3 = 0 + 3 = 3 =(a+1)+(b+1)+(c+1)=(a+b+c)+3=0+3=\boxed{3}

Note: In the question, you will need that a , b , c a, b, c are distinct values.

Do you see why?

Calvin Lin Staff - 4 years, 7 months ago

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Oh yeah, I do :D

Arkajyoti Banerjee - 4 years, 7 months ago

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Great. I see that the question is edited. Can you update the solution to indicate where this is necessary / used?

Calvin Lin Staff - 4 years, 7 months ago

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@Calvin Lin Sure, I will

Arkajyoti Banerjee - 4 years, 7 months ago

@Calvin Lin Does that meet your requirements? I don't think so.

Arkajyoti Banerjee - 4 years, 7 months ago

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@Arkajyoti Banerjee That's better.

A clearer way to phrase it is: a , b , c a, b, c are 3 distinct roots of the polynomial x 3 x 1 = 0 x^3 - x - 1 = 0 . Since this polynomial has 3 distinct roots, they must be { a , b , c } \{ a, b, c \} .

Calvin Lin Staff - 4 years, 7 months ago
Tina Sobo
Oct 24, 2016

By adding the equations together you get a^3 + b^3 + c^3 = a + b + c +3

We see (as others have stated in better formats), that a, b and c are the distinct roots of x^3 - 0x^x - x -1 = 0.

By Vieta's Formula, the sum of the roots is (0/1) = 0. Therefore a + b + c + 3 = 0 + 3 = 3.

Wow that's fast.

Chung Kevin - 4 years, 7 months ago

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+1 Agreed. Applying it again avoided having to use Newton's Equations.

Calvin Lin Staff - 4 years, 7 months ago

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