k ∈ S ∑ cos ( 1 1 2 k π )
Find the value of the summation above where S = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 1 1 } : all the prime numbers between 2 and 11, together with 1.
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Nice solution; thanks! Where does your first equation come from? Could you explain it to somebody who does not know about complex numbers?
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Sum of cosines when the angles are in A.P.can be obtained by observing that 2 sin ( θ ) cos ( 2 n θ ) = sin ( 2 n + 1 ) θ − sin ( 2 n − 1 ) θ . By putting θ = 1 1 π and n taking values from 1 to 11 the R.H.S.terms cancel out to give 0. As sin θ = 0 , the result follows.
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Yes, exactly... that's a special case of the "Dirichlet Kernel" that is so important in Fourier Analysis.
Let ζ = e 2 π . i / 1 1 , so it is a primitive 11th root of unity.Thus we are looking for the real part of the 1st, 2nd,3rd,5th,7th and elventh power of ζ .But ζ 1 1 = 1 , and the conjugate of ζ i is ζ 1 1 − i , i.e. they have the same real part and cancelling imaginary parts.So ifwe take the conjugates of our previous sum and add the together, we would get 1, but that is twice the real part of the sum in question, so the answer is 0 . 5 .
Note:We used De Moivre and the identity
1 + ζ + ζ 2 + . . . + ζ 1 0 = 0
∑ k = 1 1 1 c o s ( 1 1 2 π k ) = 0 . . . . ( 1 ) C o n s i d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g i d e n t i t i e s : c o s ( 1 1 8 π ) = − c o s ( 1 1 3 π ) = c o s ( 1 1 1 4 π ) c o s ( 1 1 1 2 π ) = − c o s ( 1 1 π ) = c o s ( 1 1 1 0 π ) c o s ( 1 1 1 6 π ) = − c o s ( 1 1 5 π ) = c o s ( 1 1 6 π ) c o s ( 1 1 1 8 π ) = − c o s ( 1 1 7 π ) = c o s ( 1 1 4 π ) c o s ( 2 π ) = 1 . A p p l y t h e i d e n t i t i e s t o s i m p l i f y ( 1 ) a n d g e t t h e a n s w e r .
Identity 1 comes from the fact that the equation x n + 1 = 0 has all complex no. solutions of the form e i k θ , where k goes from 1 to n; and using Vietta's, we can immediately see that the sum of roots equals 0. The real part of e i θ = cos ( θ ) and its sum over all k must be equal to zero. Hence identity (1).
Nice solution; thanks! Where does identity (1) come from? Could you explain it to somebody who does not know about complex numbers?
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I guess struggling through some other formulas and playing around with the equation would get me to the above conclusion. But I like to take the path of least resistance when its implications are the same as those of other paths :)
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Nobody can blame you for taking the path of least resistance ;)
One could say that the points ( cos k t , sin k t ) , with t = n 2 π are the vertices of a regular n-gon, by definition of the trig function, so that their sum is 0 by symmetry... we are working in the real rather than the complex plane, but we are doing in effect the same thing.
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@Otto Bretscher – Complex numbers and functions that are linear with respect to them are highly analogous to vectors. After all, in both cases you want to do some calculations with two numbers that you don't want to mix up in the middle. It's kinda amusing to think of things in this manner.
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@Vishnu C – Sure... the complex numbers form a real vector space with an additional structure, multiplication.
From a pedagogical point of view, I often prefer explaining things in terms of (real) vectors rather than complex numbers... it's more intuitive.
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Use k = 1 ∑ 1 1 cos ( 1 1 2 k π ) = 0 and that c o s ( θ ) = cos ( 2 π − θ ) thereby value at k = 1 equals that at k = 10, k= 9 equals that at k = 2, k = 8 same as k = 3, k = 6 same as k = 5, and k = 4 same as k = 7. The given sum S is then 2 S = k = 1 ∑ 1 1 cos ( 1 1 2 k π ) + c o s ( 1 1 2 . 1 1 . π ) = 0 + 1 = 1 ⇒ S = 0 . 5