This looks awfully familiar

Calculus Level 4

From two simple identities, I'm able to conjure up this integral.

0 1 ln ( 1 x ) x d x \large \displaystyle \int_0^1 \dfrac { \ln(1-x) }{x} \space \mathrm{d}x

Can you determine its value? (Round it up to 3 decimal places)

Picture Source File: Wikimedia Integration


The answer is -1.644.

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3 solutions

Deepanshu Gupta
Mar 3, 2015

I = 0 1 ln ( 1 x ) x d x I = 0 1 ( 1 x 2 x 2 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . ) d x I = ( 1 1.1 + 1 2.2 + 1 3.3 + 1 4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . ) I = ( r = 1 1 r 2 ) = π 2 6 \displaystyle{I=\int _{ 0 }^{ 1 }{ \cfrac { \ln { (1-x) } }{ x } dx } \\ I=\int _{ 0 }^{ 1 }{ (-1-\cfrac { x }{ 2 } -\cfrac { { x }^{ 2 } }{ 3 } ............)dx } \\ I=-(\cfrac { 1 }{ 1.1 } +\cfrac { 1 }{ 2.2 } +\cfrac { 1 }{ 3.3 } +\cfrac { 1 }{ 4.4 } ...........)\\ I=-(\sum _{ r=1 }^{ \infty }{ \cfrac { 1 }{ { r }^{ 2 } } } )=-\cfrac { { \pi }^{ 2 } }{ 6 } } I don't Know proof of this summation , Since I don't know about gamma,beta,zeta functions. But As Ronak is already proved beautifully this series some day's ago .

Check out here Ronak agarwal's proof

Saketh bro, I suggest you to use \ [ \ displaystyle{"Enter your latex code here} \ ] letex code . It look's much better and easy to understand !

Deepanshu Gupta - 6 years, 3 months ago

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ok sure, i use app for latex so i have trouble, and yes you should go through this for a simplified proof :)

Proof

Mvs Saketh - 6 years, 3 months ago

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No no , Use that code for Math codes , Like I edit your question , You can see that. Don't give spaces , I giving it for making you understandable

For Providing Link Use ###### xyz [abc] (type your link here)

For Math code \ [ \ displaystyle{"enter your math code here"}]

Don't use spaces and also don't use " " .

And Thank's for the link !

Deepanshu Gupta - 6 years, 3 months ago

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@Deepanshu Gupta Got it thanks :)

Mvs Saketh - 6 years, 3 months ago

Refer Dilogarithm and polylogarithm functions.

Raghav Vaidyanathan - 6 years, 3 months ago

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Raghav , I am making a new note for Exam discussions , anything you wish to say ? Reason being that it has become quite heavy !!

A Former Brilliant Member - 6 years, 3 months ago

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Go ahead! What's there for me to say?

Raghav Vaidyanathan - 6 years, 3 months ago

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@Raghav Vaidyanathan Also I am waiting for Calvin sir to reply , I had asked something from him in his message board .

A Former Brilliant Member - 6 years, 3 months ago

Did the same!

Kartik Sharma - 6 years, 3 months ago

Hi , there is nothing to Gamma Function except the different definitions that it has ! Just read it once and you'll master it instantaneously .

I had learnt Gamma,Beta,Zeta and whatsoever functions only after joining Brilliant , so you see it's quite easy.

As for the proof , it's not at all difficult !! I had proved it using simple trigonometry .

A Former Brilliant Member - 6 years, 3 months ago
Curtis Clement
Mar 3, 2015

Using the taylor series: 0 1 l n ( 1 x ) x d x = 0 1 ( 1 + x 2 + x 2 3 + x 3 4 + x 4 5 + . . . ) \displaystyle{\int_{0}^{1}{ \frac{ln(1-x)}{x} } dx} = -\displaystyle{\int_{0}^{1}{(1+\frac{x}{2} +\frac{x^2}{3} +\frac{x^3}{4} +\frac{x^4}{5}+... )} } = 1 [ x + x 2 4 + x 3 9 + x 4 16 + . . . ] 0 1 = ( i = 1 1 i 2 ) = π 2 6 = -1[x+\frac{x^2}{4} +\frac{x^3}{9} +\frac{x^4}{16}+...]_{0}^{1} = -(\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{i^2}) = \large -\frac{\pi^2}{6} The last step comes from the riemann zeta function.

Oussama Boussif
Mar 3, 2015

we know that: 0 a f ( x ) d x = 0 a f ( a x ) d x \displaystyle \int_{0}^{a} f(x) dx=\int_{0}^{a} f(a-x) dx So using that we can say: I = 0 1 l n ( 1 x ) x d x = 0 1 l n ( x ) 1 x d x I= \displaystyle \int_{0}^{1} \frac{ln(1-x)}{x} dx= \int_{0}^{1} \frac{ln(x)}{1-x}dx Since : 0 < x < 1 0<x<1 the infinite sum of a geometric series of the form u n = x n u_{n}=x^{n} can be written as: 1 1 x \frac{1}{1-x} or:

n = 0 x n = 1 1 x \displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} x^{n} = \frac{1}{1-x} Substituting this back to the integral we get: I = 0 1 n = 0 l n ( x ) x n d x I = \displaystyle \int_{0}^{1} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}ln(x)*x^{n} dx

And using the linearity of the integral we can interchange the integral sign and the sum to get: I = n = 0 0 1 x n l n ( x ) d x I = \displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{1} x^n*ln(x) dx

Now all we do is calculate integral by parts and sum it up. So using parts we get: I = 0 1 x n l n ( x ) d x = 1 ( n + 1 ) 2 I = \displaystyle \int_{0}^{1} x^n*ln(x) dx = \frac{-1}{(n+1)^{2}}

So we get: I = n = 0 1 ( n + 1 ) 2 I = \displaystyle -\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{(n+1)^2} I = ( π ) 2 6 I = \frac{-(\pi)^2}{6}

hi...I liked your solution....how to check the linearity of the integral.

manish bhargao - 6 years, 3 months ago

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