Let a , b , and c be positive real numbers such that a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 1 6 = 8 a b c . What is the value of a b c ?
This problem is posed by Ed M.
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How do you go from a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 1 6 ≥ 8 a b to a 4 = b 4 = c 4 = 1 6 ? Where does the 16 pop out from? Where does the 8abc go?
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Equality occurs when symmetry does.
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um...symmetry in what sense? Sorry not too familiar with these terms :P Again, can we just remove the 8abc or something? :O
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@Andrew Ying – The AM-GM inequality states that if we have n non-negative numbers, the arithmetic mean of those numbers is always greater than or equal to the geometric mean of those numbers. Furthermore, the arithmetic mean and geometric mean are equal if and only if all of the n numbers are equal to each other.
In this problem, the numbers I am considering are a 4 , b 4 , c 4 , 1 6 . The arithmetic mean of those numbers is equal to the geometric mean of those numbers. Thus, those numbers must be equal, i.e. a 4 = b 4 = c 4 = 1 6 .
@Andrew Ying – You can search Arithmetic Mean- Geometric Mean Inequality in the Net
Knowing that A M ≥ G M , and applying that in the LHS, we get
4 a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 4 ≥ 4 ( a b c 2 ) 4 → a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 4 ≥ 8 a b c
Since the equality holds, we can say that a = b = c = 2 . Then a b c = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 .
Consider the function
f ( a , b , c ) = a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 1 6 − 8 a b c ,
so that we want to solve f ( a , b , c ) = 0 . Note that a = b = c = 2 is a solution. I will prove that this is an absolute minimum, i.e. that f ( a , b , c ) is positive for all ( a , b , c ) = ( 2 , 2 , 2 ) , from which it follows that this solution is the only one.
First note that f is differentiable on the entire domain, and that f tends to positive infinity as a , b or c goes to infinity. The absolute minimum is thus to be found either at a boundary of the domain or at a critical point.
At the boundary (technically, we have an open boundary since a , b and c are not allowed to be zero, but "closing the boundary" will not alter the final conclusion), we have for instance a = 0 , which gives f ( a , b , c ) = b 4 + c 4 + 1 6 , which is obviously at least 16, hence not an absolute minimum (since we've already found f ( 2 , 2 , 2 ) = 0 ). The same of course applies to b = 0 and c = 0 .
We are thus left with critical points, for which d f / d a = d f / d b = d f / d c = 0 . This gives
0 = 4 a 3 − 8 b c = 4 b 3 − 8 c a = 4 c 3 − 8 a b ,
from which we establish a 3 = 2 b c , b 3 = 2 c a and c 3 = 2 a b . Multiplying the equations by a , b and c respectively, we get
a 4 = b 4 = c 4 = 2 a b c ,
with the only solutions a = b = c = 0 and a = b = c = 2 . The latter is thus the absolute minimum, which concludes the proof. The only solution to the original equation is thus a = b = c = 2 with a b c = 8 .
Make sure you know how to use the tools properly. Multivariable calculus can get tricky, especially if you are thinking only in terms of single variable calculus.
Simply showing that "f tends to positive infinity as a (or b ) goes to infinity is not sufficient. You need to consider all possible paths to infinity, and not just the directional derivative.
For example, the minimum of the function g ( a , b ) = b a + a b has a minimum of 2 which occurs whenever a = b , even though we know that lim a → ∞ g ( a , b ) = ∞ for all positive values of b .
Much more elaborate than necessary I admit, but it makes a nice change from all the easy solutions... ;)
We are given a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 4 = 4 ( 2 a b c ) . Cheesy way out: note that a = b = c = 2 works giving the answer of 8. Another way: by AMGM, if they are all positive,
4 a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 4 ≥ 4 2 4 a 4 b 4 c 4
with equality iff a = b = c = 2 .
By the AM-GM inequality, a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 4 ≥ 4 ( 2 4 a 4 b 4 c 4 ) 1 / 4 = 8 a b c , with equality attained when a = b = c = 2 . Checking, we find 3 ( 2 4 ) + 1 6 = 6 4 = 8 ( 2 3 ) , so a b c = 8 .
Notice by AM-GM, 4 a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 1 6 ≥ 4 1 6 a 4 b 4 c 4 = 2 a b c , so a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 1 6 ≥ 8 a b c . Equality occurs when a 4 = b 4 = c 4 = 1 6 , so a b c = 8 .
Using the AM-GM inequality : A M ( a 4 , b 4 , c 4 , 2 4 ) ⩾ G M ( a 4 , b 4 , c 4 , 2 4 ) 4 1 ( a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 4 ) ⩾ ( a 4 b 4 c 4 2 4 ) 4 1 4 1 ( a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 4 ) ⩾ 2 a b c
The equality case A M = G M , which is the original equation, only occurs when all terms are equal, i.e. 2 = a = b = c giving a b c = 8 .
A M ≥ G M
4 a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 1 6 ≥ 4 1 6 a 4 b 4 c 4
a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 1 6 ≥ 8 a b c
and LHS=RHS if a 4 = b 4 = c 4 = 1 6
a = b = c = 2
so a b c = 8
We can rewrite the given equation as 1 6 + ∑ a 4 = 4 ( 2 a b c ) . However, by the AM-GM inequality we have $$\frac{1}{4}\left(2^4+\sum a^4\right)\ge\sqrt[4]{2^4+\sum a^4},$$ and equality occurs if and only if a = b = c = 2 , so a b c = 8
The solution is easily obtained using AM-GM inequality, and using the fact that equality holds when the quantities are equal to each other.
Here, taking AM GM inequality, we have
a^4 + b^4 + c^4 + 16 >= 8abc which is in fact, an equality here and therefore a^4 = b^4 = c^4 = 16. As we want positive values of a, b, c, we infer a=b=c = 2.
So abc = 8
Note that by AM-GM inequality, the expression on the LHS is always greater than or equal to the RHS Equality only occurs when a^{4}=b^{4}=c^{4}=16, that is a=b=c=2, hence abc=8
We know that for positive reals a,b,c,d we have the inequality a^{4} + b^{4} + c^{4} + d^{4} >= 4abcd putting d=2, we have a^{4} + b^{4} + c^{4} + 2^4 >=4.a.b.c.2 or, a^4 + b^4 + c^4 + 16 >= 8abc but the question suggests that a^4 + b^4 + c^4 + 16 = 8abc This is only possible when the am-gm inequality reduces to am-gm equality, and in am gm equality, we have all the terms to be equal to each other. thus we have, a=b=c=2 which gives abc=8
Using the inequality between aritmetic media and harmonic media, we have:
4 a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 1 6 ≥ 4 a 4 b 4 c 4 1 6
Therefore, a 4 + b 4 + c 4 ≥ 8 a b c and the equality happen when a 4 = b 4 = c 4 = 1 6 . So, a = b = c = 2 and a b c = 8
From Arithmetic-Geometric mean, for a , b , c positive integers we have a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 4 ≥ 4 4 a 4 . b 4 . c 4 . 2 4 = 8 a b c . Because we have a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 1 6 = 8 a b c , then equaity holds, which means that a = b = c . we can conclude that a , b , c , and 2 are the roots from the polynomial 3 x 4 − 8 x 3 + 1 6 = 0 , then a . b . c . 2 = 1 6 , so a b c = 8 .
Since a,b,c are real positive numbers, A.M>= G.M inequality can be used on (a^4),(b^4),(c^4) and . on (2^4). In the given question the R.H.S is the G.M, so equality occurred, so a=b=c=2. So abc=8.
Since a,b,c are real positive, we can analyze AM>=GM: 8abc/4 >= [(2abc)^4]^1/4 =2abc. When the equality occurs means that all terms are equal: a=b=c=2. Therefore: abc=8.
Consider AM-GM inequality 4 a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 4 ≥ 4 a 4 ⋅ b 4 ⋅ c 4 ⋅ 2 4 a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 1 6 ≥ 8 a b c
The equality is satisfied when a = b = c = 2 Hence value of a b c = 8
By the AM-GM inequality, a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 1 6 = a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + ( 2 ) 4 ≥ 4 ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) ( 2 ) = 8 a b c , and equality holds iff a 4 = b 4 = c 4 = 1 6 , i.e. a = b = c = 2 . Hence, the value of a b c is ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) = 8 .
We let d = 2 and then the equation becomes a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + d 4 = 4 a b c d , so a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + d 4 − 4 a b c d = 0 . That is equivalent to ( a 2 − b 2 ) 2 + ( c 2 − d 2 ) 2 + 2 ( a b − c d ) 2 = 0 . Since all squares are nonnegative, we need a 2 − b 2 = 0 , c 2 − d 2 = 0 , and a b − c d = 0 . Since a , b , c , d are positive integers, we need that a = b , c = d , and a b = c d . Hence a 2 = c 2 , and a = c . Thus we get a = b = c = d . Since d = 2 , a = b = c = 2 , and a b c = ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) = 8 .
a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 4 =4(2abc). or we can write
[ a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 4 ]/4≥( a 4 b 4 c 4 . 2 4 ) [ 1 / 4 ]
AM≥GM equality holds if a=b=c=2.
so abc=8
By AM-GM inequality we have 4 a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 4 ≥ 2 a b c with equality iff a = b = c = 2 , hence a b c = 8 .
Observe that by AM-GM inequality, you will realize that the given condition is an equality condition. This means that a = b = c = 2. Hence abc = 8.
By A M − G M inequality, a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + d 4 ≥ 4 a b c d ,where equality holds at a = b = c = d .Let d = 2 yields the given equation to hold when a = b = c = d = 2 .Then a b c = 8
Represent 16 as 2^4 and make 8abc expressed as 4(abc(2)). We have: (a^4 + b^4 + c^4 + 2^4)/4 = a * b * c * 2 This is the equality situation of the AM-GM on on a, b, c, and 2, which is only satisfied by having a=b=c=2, so abc = 8 .
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8
[ANSWER]
Since a 4 , b 4 , c 4 , 2 4 are positive, we can apply AM-GM to a 4 , b 4 , c 4 , 2 4 :
4 a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 4 ≥ 4 a 4 b 4 c 4 2 4
4 a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 1 6 ≥ 2 a b c
a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 1 6 ≥ 8 a b c
Note that the problem achieves an equality, so we must have a 4 = b 4 = c 4 = 1 6 (AM-GM achieves an equality only when all its arguments are equal). Since a , b , c are positive, we have a = b = c = 2 and so a b c = 8 .
a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 4 = 4 ∗ ( 2 a b c ) With AM-GM Equality, we can write it as: ( a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 4 ) / 4 ≥ ( a 4 ∗ b 4 ∗ c 4 ∗ 2 4 ) 1 / 4
To make The AM-GM Equality holds we need to make sure that a=b=c.
The only number that can make it true is 2, so a=b=c=2.
Then, abc=2.2.2=8
If we use AM-GM on the left side we get that 4 a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 4 ≥ 2 a b c or a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 4 ≥ 8 a b c .
The equality case of this looks like the given equation and we know that equality is met in AM-GM only if all the terms are equal or a 4 = b 4 = c 4 = 2 4 which gives a = b = c = 2 since a , b , c are positive integers. Checking to see if this works we get 4 × 1 6 = 8 × 2 3 which is true. Therefore a b c = 8 .
Notice that using the AM-GM inequality on the LHS yields the RHS. This means that a^4, b^4, c^4,, and 16 must be equal, meaning that a=b=c=2, and the answer is 8.
By AM-GM inequality, we have a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 4 ≥ 4 ∗ 2 a b c d = 8 a b c d We know that equality in AM-GM exists when all the terms are equal. This implies a 4 = b 4 = c 4 = 2 4 which imples a = b = c = 2 because a , b , c are positive reals. Hence a b c = 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 = 8
Whoah, where did d come from?
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It was obviously a typographical error.
Ah, its supposed to be a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 4 ≥ 4 ∗ 2 a b c = 8 a b c
We will use AM-GM inequality ( 4 a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 1 6 ) ≥ ( 1 6 a 4 b 4 c 4 ) 1 / 4 we get AM =GM, ⇒ a = b =c = 2 or abc =2
Let P = (a^{4} + b^{4} +c^{4} + 16) \geq 4 sqrt[4]{16 a^{4}b^{4}c^{4}} (Using AM-GM inequality) \Rightarrow P \geq 8 a b*c since P = 8abc, AM = GM \Rightarrow a = b = c = 2 \Rightarrow abc=2
Consider the 4 th powers modulo 8 , they comprise only 0 & 1 . 8 divides the LHS, so 8 ∣ ( a 4 + b 4 + c 4 ) But none of 3-combinations of 0 & 1 can add up to 0 ( m o d 2 ) , except if 8 ∣ a 4 , 8 ∣ b 4 , 8 ∣ c 4 ⇒ 2 ∣ a , b , c . Clearly, a = b = c = 2 suffices.
Note that the LHS must be even, since it has a factor of 8 . Note that the LHS has the same parity as a 4 + b 4 + c 4 , which has the same parity as a + b + c . Thus, a + b + c must be even. Simply trying a = b = c = 2 works!
Specifically: 2 4 + 2 4 + 2 4 + 1 6 = 8 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 , so a b c = 8 .
Why do the positive real numbers a , b , c have to be integers?
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Good point. I should have mentioned that I was considering the integers first, just to make sure that it's not trivial. Turns out it was.
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Since a , b , c are positive reals, so are a 4 , b 4 , c 4 .
By AM-GM, we have: 4 a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 1 6 ≥ 4 a 4 ⋅ b 4 ⋅ c 4 ⋅ 1 6 = 2 a b c ,
or equivalently: a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 1 6 ≥ 8 a b c .
In AM-GM, equality occurs iff all the numbers are equal, i.e. a 4 = b 4 = c 4 = 1 6 .
Since a , b , c are positive reals, we have a = b = c = 2 , and thus, a b c = 8 .