Higher order derivatives, with a twist...

Calculus Level 4

f ( x ) = x 2 \large f(x) = x^2

For f ( x ) f(x) as defined above, calculate the positive value of f ( 2.5 ) ( 25 π ) f^{(2.5)}\left(\dfrac{25}{\pi}\right) .

Notation: f ( n ) ( x ) d n f ( x ) d x n f^{(n)}(x) \equiv \dfrac{d^n f(x)}{dx^n} denotes the n n th derivative of f f at x x .


The answer is 0.4.

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2 solutions

Karan Chatrath
Jul 29, 2020

Similar to the solution already posted. Consider the function:

f ( x ) = x n f(x) = x^n f 1 ( x ) = n x n 1 \implies f^{1}(x) = nx^{n-1} f 2 ( x ) = n ( n 1 ) x n 2 \implies f^{2}(x) = n(n-1)x^{n-2} f 3 ( x ) = n ( n 1 ) ( n 2 ) x n 3 \implies f^{3}(x) = n(n-1)(n-2)x^{n-3}

Generalising for the rth derivative:

f r ( x ) = n ( n 1 ) ( n 2 ) ( n r + 1 ) x n r f^{r}(x) = n(n-1)(n-2)\dots(n-r+1)x^{n-r} f r ( x ) = n ! ( n r ) ! x n r \implies f^{r}(x) =\frac{n!}{(n-r)!}x^{n-r}

Using the Gamma function and the identity that:

Γ ( k + 1 ) = k ! \Gamma\left(k+1\right)= k!

f r ( x ) = Γ ( n + 1 ) Γ ( n r + 1 ) x n r \implies f^{r}(x) =\frac{\Gamma\left(n+1\right)}{\Gamma\left(n-r+1\right)}x^{n-r}

In the given case:

n = 2 ; r = 2.5 n = 2 \ ; \ r = 2.5

f 2.5 ( x ) = Γ ( 3 ) Γ ( 1 2 ) x 0.5 \implies f^{2.5}(x) =\frac{\Gamma\left(3\right)}{\Gamma\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}x^{-0.5}

Knowing that Γ ( 3 ) = 2 \Gamma\left(3\right)=2 and Γ ( 1 2 ) = π \Gamma\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)=\sqrt{\pi} , we get:

f 2.5 ( x ) = 2 π x f^{2.5}(x) = \frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi x}} f 2.5 ( 25 π ) = 2 π 25 π = 2 5 \implies \boxed{f^{2.5}\left(\frac{25}{\pi}\right)=\frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi \frac{25}{\pi}}}=\frac{2}{5}}

One thing irritates me. If you apply this theory to evaluate d 3 d x 3 ( x 2 ) \dfrac {d^3}{dx^3}(x^2) , will the result be logical? Please explain.

A Former Brilliant Member - 10 months, 1 week ago

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Consider the expression:

f r ( x ) = Γ ( n + 1 ) Γ ( n r + 1 ) x n r f^{r}(x) =\frac{\Gamma\left(n+1\right)}{\Gamma\left(n-r+1\right)}x^{n-r}

At r = 3 r=3 , the denominator evaluates to Γ ( 0 ) \Gamma(0) which is divergent. So the expression evaluates to zero.

Karan Chatrath - 10 months, 1 week ago

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Is the denominator divergent for r > 3 r>3 also? And is the relation you mentioned ( Γ ( k + 1 ) = k ! \Gamma (k+1)=k! ) true for non-integral values of k k also?

A Former Brilliant Member - 10 months, 1 week ago

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@A Former Brilliant Member The answer to both your questions is: yes.

For the first question, in general: Γ ( n ) = ( n 1 ) Γ ( n 1 ) \Gamma(n) = (n-1) \Gamma(n-1) applies. This relation can be used for the case of r > 3 r>3 when the gamma function of a negative number (which happens to be directly proportional to Γ ( 0 ) \Gamma(0) as per the given relation) is to be evaluated, which is also divergent.

As for the second question: Γ ( k + 1 ) = k ! \Gamma(k+1) =k! is a generalisation to compute the factorial of a real number.

Karan Chatrath - 10 months, 1 week ago

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@Karan Chatrath Then what is 1 2 ! \dfrac 12! equal to?

A Former Brilliant Member - 9 months, 3 weeks ago

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@A Former Brilliant Member Γ ( k + 1 ) = k ! \Gamma(k+1) =k!

( 1 2 ) ! = Γ ( 3 2 ) = Γ ( 1 2 ) 2 = π 2 \implies \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)! = \Gamma\left(\frac{3}{2}\right) = \frac{\Gamma\left(\frac{1}{2}\right) }{2} = \frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2}

Karan Chatrath - 9 months, 3 weeks ago
James Watson
Jul 28, 2020

Note: Γ ( n ) = 0 t n 1 e t d t = ( n 1 ) ! \large \text{Note: } \Gamma(n) = \int_{0}^{\infty} t^{n-1}e^{-t}\, dt = (n-1)!

First of all, to find the answer, we must know that

d n d x n ( x a ) = Γ ( a + 1 ) Γ ( a n + 1 ) x a n \large \frac{d^n}{dx^n}(x^a) = \frac{\Gamma(a+1)}{\Gamma(a-n+1)}x^{a-n}

Using this information, we can see that f ( 2.5 ) ( x ) = Γ ( 2 + 1 ) Γ ( 2 2.5 + 1 ) x 2 2.5 = Γ ( 3 ) Γ ( 0.5 ) x 0.5 = 2 π x Note: Γ ( 0.5 ) = π and Γ ( 3 ) = 2 f^{(2.5)}(x) = \frac{\Gamma(2+1)}{\Gamma(2-2.5+1)}x^{2-2.5} = \frac{\Gamma(3)}{\Gamma(0.5)}x^{-0.5} = \frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi x}} \: \: \: \: \: \: \text{Note: }\Gamma(0.5) = \sqrt{\pi} \text{ and } \Gamma(3) = 2

Now, we can plug 25 π \frac{25}{\pi} in and we can see that 2 π ( 25 π ) = 2 25 = ± 2 5 but since we want the positive value, the answer is 2 5 or 0.4 \frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi\left(\frac{25}{\pi}\right)}} = \frac{2}{\sqrt{25}} = \frac{\pm 2}{5} \text{ but since we want the positive value, the answer is } \boxed{\frac{2}{5} \text{ or } 0.4}

I think if x^2=25, then x=+-5. but sqrt(25)=5

Lingga Musroji - 10 months, 2 weeks ago

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good point. i did this in case anyone called me out on the negative value of 25 \sqrt{25} but i like your logic!

James Watson - 10 months, 2 weeks ago

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@Pi Han Goh in complex number system, yes. but sqrt(25) is only equal to 5 in real number system

Lingga Musroji - 10 months, 2 weeks ago

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