Inscribed circles under partial circles

Calculus Level 5

We have a semi circle of radius 1 with diameter A B AB . A line A C AC is drawn making an angle θ \theta with A B AB and intersecting the semicircle at C C .

Now a circle is drawn such that it touches line A B , A C AB, AC and the arc B C BC inside the semicircle.

Let the radius of the circle be r r , if r r can be written as r = f ( θ ) r= f(\theta) , find 6 0 1 / 2 f ( 2 tan 1 θ ) d θ \displaystyle 6\int _{ 0 }^{ 1/2 }{ f(2\tan ^{ -1 }{ \theta )d\theta } } .


The answer is 1.

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1 solution

I will assume that the semi-circle has radius 1. 1. Let O O be the center of the semicircle and D D be the center of the inscribed circle. Also, let P P be the point of tangency of the circle with the diameter A B . AB.

Now let O P = x . |OP| = x. Then tan ( θ 2 ) = D P A P = r 1 + x . \tan\left(\dfrac{\theta}{2}\right) = \dfrac{|DP|}{|AP|} = \dfrac{r}{1 + x}.

Also, from Δ O D P \Delta ODP we have, via Pythagoras, that

x 2 = O D 2 D P 2 = ( 1 r ) 2 r 2 = 1 2 r . x^{2} = |OD|^{2} - |DP|^{2} = (1 - r)^{2} - r^{2} = 1 - 2r.

Thus tan ( θ 2 ) = r 1 + 1 2 r = r ( 1 1 2 r ) 2 r = 1 1 2 r 2 \tan\left(\dfrac{\theta}{2}\right) = \dfrac{r}{1 + \sqrt{1 - 2r}} = \dfrac{r(1 - \sqrt{1 - 2r})}{2r} = \dfrac{1 - \sqrt{1 - 2r}}{2}

1 2 r = 1 4 tan ( θ 2 ) + 4 tan 2 ( θ 2 ) r = 2 tan ( θ 2 ) ( 1 tan ( θ 2 ) ) . \Longrightarrow 1 - 2r = 1 - 4\tan(\frac{\theta}{2}) + 4\tan^{2}(\frac{\theta}{2}) \Longrightarrow r = 2\tan(\frac{\theta}{2})(1 - \tan(\frac{\theta}{2})).

Thus f ( 2 tan 1 ( θ ) ) = 2 θ ( 1 θ ) = 2 θ 2 θ 2 , f(2\tan^{-1}(\theta)) = 2\theta(1 - \theta) = 2\theta - 2\theta^{2}, the integral of which is

θ 2 2 3 θ 3 , \large \theta^{2} - \dfrac{2}{3}\theta^{3}, which when evaluated from 0 0 to 1 2 \frac{1}{2} is 1 4 1 12 = 1 6 . \dfrac{1}{4} - \dfrac{1}{12} = \dfrac{1}{6}.

Multiplying this by 6 6 gives us a final solution of 1 . \boxed{1}.

Just to illustrate -

Aakarshit Uppal - 6 years, 1 month ago

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ohhhhh gooodd .... I was mislead ... I was assumed that Circle Lies outside the Given Circle , By extending diametre AB and line AC further .... Hence I got different Answer ...

So It should be clearly stated that Circle touches internally to given Circle , Otherwise Answer would be different...

@Ronak Agarwal Please Do something fast...

Karan Shekhawat - 6 years, 1 month ago

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You're right. I never thought about that! (In that case, the answer would be 2, I suppose?)

Aakarshit Uppal - 6 years, 1 month ago

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@Aakarshit Uppal Yes , it should be , I'am feeling bad that I lost opportunity to gain credits of this Question :'(

Karan Shekhawat - 6 years, 1 month ago

Thanks for adding this diagram. :)

Brian Charlesworth - 6 years, 1 month ago

@Ronak Agarwal Great question. I think, though, that you may have to specify that the semicircle has radius 1 1 to get the answer as posted. I initially solved assuming that the radius of the semicircle was some value R , R, and in the end I obtained the general solution of R . R.

Brian Charlesworth - 6 years, 1 month ago

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Sorry !!!!

Ronak Agarwal - 6 years, 1 month ago

Really amazing problem ... Ronak !

And Brian Sir Why Radius should be 1 ?? What's wrong in my approach ... ?

If we Let A ( R , 0 ) A(-R,0) & B ( R , 0 ) B(R,0) & Center of given circle is ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) , hence It is easy to see that , C ( R cos 2 θ , R sin 2 θ ) C(R\cos { 2\theta } ,R\sin { 2\theta } ) again let centre of other circle is D ( a , r ) D(a,r) ... Now circles touches each .. hence

a 2 + r 2 = R + r R = a 2 + r 2 r ( 1 ) { a }^{ 2 }+{ r }^{ 2 }=R+r\\ R={ a }^{ 2 }+{ r }^{ 2 }-r\quad \quad (1)

Also drop Perpendicular from D to x-axis , name it as E , then in triangle ADE

r a = tan θ 2 a = r cot θ 2 ( 2 ) \cfrac { r }{ a } =\tan { \cfrac { \theta }{ 2 } } \\ a=r\cot { \cfrac { \theta }{ 2 } } \quad \quad (2)

Equation of Tangent from A , to the new circle is L : y tan θ ( x + R ) = 0 r f r o m D ( a , r ) a tan θ ( a + R ) 1 + tan 2 θ = r ( 0 , 0 ) g i v e s + v e s i g n , h e n c e r e m o v e m o d u l u s a s i t i s : R = a ( 1 tan θ ) r sec θ tan θ ( 3 ) ( 1 ) & ( 2 ) & ( 3 ) ( r cot θ 2 ) ( 1 tan θ ) r sec θ tan θ = r 2 cot 2 ( θ 2 ) + r 2 r ( cot θ 2 ) ( 1 tan θ ) sec θ tan θ = r ( 1 + cot 2 ( θ 2 ) ) 1 r = f ( θ ) = ( ( cot θ 2 ) ( 1 tan θ ) sec θ tan θ + 1 ) sin 2 θ \displaystyle{L:\quad y-\tan { \theta } (x+R)=0\\ { \bot }^{ r }\quad from\quad D(a,r)\\ \left| \cfrac { a-\tan { \theta } (a+R) }{ \sqrt { 1+\tan ^{ 2 }{ \theta } } } \right| =r\\ (0,0)\quad gives\quad +ve\quad sign,hence\quad \\ remove\quad modulus\quad as\quad it\quad is:\\ R=\cfrac { a(1-\tan { \theta } )-r\sec { \theta } }{ \tan { \theta } } \quad \quad (3)\\ (1)\& (2)\& (3)\\ \\ \cfrac { \left( r\cot { \cfrac { \theta }{ 2 } } \right) \left( 1-\tan { \theta } \right) -r\sec { \theta } }{ \tan { \theta } } ={ r }^{ 2 }\cot ^{ 2 }{ \left( \cfrac { \theta }{ 2 } \right) } +{ r }^{ 2 }-r\\ \\ \cfrac { \left( \cot { \cfrac { \theta }{ 2 } } \right) \left( 1-\tan { \theta } \right) -\sec { \theta } }{ \tan { \theta } } ={ r }(1+\cot ^{ 2 }{ \left( \cfrac { \theta }{ 2 } \right) } )-1\\ r=f\left( \theta \right) =\left( \cfrac { \left( \cot { \cfrac { \theta }{ 2 } } \right) \left( 1-\tan { \theta } \right) -\sec { \theta } }{ \tan { \theta } } +1 \right) \sin ^{ 2 }{ \theta } }

@Brian Charlesworth @Ronak Agarwal

Karan Shekhawat - 6 years, 1 month ago

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Please do reply soon Brian Sir and Ronak..

Karan Shekhawat - 6 years, 1 month ago

Karan I have mentioned that the radius of semicircle is 1, initially it was not mentioned that was my fault but around an hour ago I have modified it.

Sorry to you too !!!!!

Ronak Agarwal - 6 years, 1 month ago

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No no .. I'am saying u should not mentioned R=1 , See I elliminate all varibles , .. So why It should be mentioned that R=1 , And why so I'am getting different answer ??

I mean why ' r ' is independent of radius R ??

Please Do check my Post atleast one-time , I have spent too much time on this problem and Posting mine solution , Please do check it once , don't avoid it bro ... !

Karan Shekhawat - 6 years, 1 month ago

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@Karan Shekhawat I am on mobile hence can't type much but check your equation 1) you forgot to take square root.

Ronak Agarwal - 6 years, 1 month ago

For your equation (1) I think that you should have had

a 2 + r 2 = ( R r ) 2 a 2 = R 2 2 R r . a^{2} + r^{2} = (R - r)^{2} \Longrightarrow a^{2} = R^{2} - 2Rr.

Also, from your Δ A D E \Delta ADE I believe that you would find that

r a + R = tan ( θ 2 ) . \dfrac{r}{a + R} = \tan\left(\dfrac{\theta}{2}\right).

As R R increases, I find that it makes sense that r r must increase linearly with R . R. So when I initially found that R R was still around when I found my formula for r = f ( θ ) r = f(\theta) I assumed that R R was equal to 1 1 and then asked Ronak if this was a valid assumption, which he then verified that it was.

Brian Charlesworth - 6 years, 1 month ago

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Actually sir I was mislead , .. I had assumed Circle lie outside the circle ...

And Yes I forget to square....

But still It should be clearly stated ...

Karan Shekhawat - 6 years, 1 month ago

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@Karan Shekhawat Karan think again if the circle would have been touching externally wouldn't I would have written AC and AB produced rather than simply AB and AC , it was implicit that it was internally touching.

Anyways I have mentioned it.

P.S. Report kyun kiya yaar .

Ronak Agarwal - 6 years, 1 month ago

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@Ronak Agarwal I don't think it was implicit as you wrote "... LINE AB, AC and ..." . Lines don't have to produced. They are already there! ;)

Aakarshit Uppal - 6 years, 1 month ago

@Ronak Agarwal But bro I'am suffered from it that's why I'am saying ... But thanks for fixing it , Yes I lost oppurtunity to solve this awesome problem , but anyway I'am sorry .. I had deleted it now.. I have reported , So that it will be fixed soon either by you or calvin sir , Since I have heard that your laptop is break , So I guessed you will not using brilliant much ... that's why I.... But sorry ..

Maaf kar do.. :P

Karan Shekhawat - 6 years, 1 month ago

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